{
  "source": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com",
  "license": "Free to reuse with a link to predictionmarketlaws.com",
  "checked": "2026-10-21",
  "cases": [
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-cftc-ddc",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. CFTC (election contracts, D.D.C.)",
      "category": "operator_v_federal",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:23-cv-03257",
      "filed": "2023-11-01",
      "states": [],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Judge Jia M. Cobb ruled for Kalshi on Sept. 6, 2024 (opinion released Sept. 12, 2024) and vacated the CFTC's order blocking its congressional-control contracts. The CFTC voluntarily dismissed its appeal in May 2025, so the ruling stands.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CFTC lawfully barred Kalshi's contracts on which party would control Congress as unlawful 'gaming' or contrary to the public interest under the CEA's special-rule provision.",
      "summary": "Kalshi challenged under the Administrative Procedure Act the CFTC's 2023 order prohibiting it from listing contracts on control of the House and Senate. The district court ruled for Kalshi and set the order aside, which let Kalshi list election contracts ahead of the 2024 election. Courts in later state cases cite the decision for the background of CFTC registration of event-contract exchanges.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2023-11-01",
          "description": "Kalshi files suit; assigned to Judge Jia M. Cobb.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2023cv03257/261465"
        },
        {
          "date": "2024-09-06",
          "description": "Judge Cobb rules for Kalshi on the cross-motions for summary judgment and vacates the CFTC order (the order the CFTC appealed).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/24-5205"
        },
        {
          "date": "2024-09-12",
          "description": "Memorandum opinion released (2024 WL 4164694); at a hearing the same day the court denies the CFTC's request for a stay pending appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://abc17news.com/money/cnn-business-consumer/2024/09/12/federal-judge-allows-prediction-market-kalshi-to-offer-betting-on-upcoming-us-elections/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-05-07",
          "description": "D.C. Circuit grants the CFTC's unopposed motion and dismisses its appeal, leaving the ruling in place.",
          "source_url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/kalshi-cftc-lawsuit-appeal-election-betting-contracts-drop-may-2025"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cftc-dc-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. CFTC, D.D.C. 1:23-cv-03257",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2023cv03257/261465"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. CFTC, No. 24-5205 (D.C. Cir. 2024-10-02)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/24-5205/24-5205-2024-10-02.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. CFTC, D.C. Cir. 24-5205",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/24-5205"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Flaherty, No. 25-1922 (3d Cir. 2026-04-06)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca3/25-1922/25-1922-2026-04-06.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CNN via ABC17: judge allows Kalshi election contracts (2024-09-12)",
          "url": "https://abc17news.com/money/cnn-business-consumer/2024/09/12/federal-judge-allows-prediction-market-kalshi-to-offer-betting-on-upcoming-us-elections/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Covers: CFTC has Kalshi appeal dropped (2025-05-08)",
          "url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/kalshi-cftc-lawsuit-appeal-election-betting-contracts-drop-may-2025"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-cftc-ddc"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-cftc-dc-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. CFTC (election contracts, D.C. Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_federal",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "24-5205",
      "filed": "2024-09-12",
      "states": [],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "status": "dismissed",
      "status_detail": "The panel denied the CFTC's stay request on Oct. 2, 2024. After the change of administration, the CFTC moved on May 5, 2025 to dismiss its own appeal, and the court dismissed it on May 7, 2025 without a merits ruling.",
      "key_question": "Whether the district court erred in vacating the CFTC's order barring Kalshi's congressional-control contracts, and whether a stay pending appeal was warranted.",
      "summary": "The CFTC appealed the district court's ruling for Kalshi and sought an emergency stay. A D.C. Circuit panel (Millett, Pillard, Pan) heard argument on the stay and denied it, finding the agency had not shown irreparable harm, which allowed election contracts to keep trading. Merits briefing began, but in May 2025 the agency, under new leadership, asked the court to dismiss the appeal, and the court did so.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2024-09-12",
          "description": "CFTC files notice of appeal and emergency stay motion; administrative stay entered.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/24-5205"
        },
        {
          "date": "2024-09-19",
          "description": "Oral argument on the stay motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/24-5205"
        },
        {
          "date": "2024-10-02",
          "description": "Panel denies the stay without prejudice and dissolves the administrative stay (opinion by Judge Millett).",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/24-5205/24-5205-2024-10-02.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2024-10-16",
          "description": "CFTC files its opening merits brief.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/24-5205"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-05-05",
          "description": "CFTC files an unopposed motion to dismiss its appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/kalshi-cftc-lawsuit-appeal-election-betting-contracts-drop-may-2025"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-05-07",
          "description": "Court grants the motion and dismisses the appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/kalshi-cftc-lawsuit-appeal-election-betting-contracts-drop-may-2025"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cftc-ddc"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. CFTC, D.C. Cir. 24-5205",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/24-5205"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. CFTC, No. 24-5205 (D.C. Cir. 2024-10-02)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/24-5205/24-5205-2024-10-02.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Covers: CFTC has Kalshi appeal dropped (2025-05-08)",
          "url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/kalshi-cftc-lawsuit-appeal-election-betting-contracts-drop-may-2025"
        },
        {
          "name": "CDC Gaming: CFTC drops appeal in Kalshi election betting case (2025-05-05)",
          "url": "https://cdcgaming.com/brief/cftc-drops-appeal-in-kalshi-election-betting-case-september-decision-allowing-it-stands/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-cftc-dc-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "flaherty-v-kalshiex-scotus",
      "caption": "Flaherty v. KalshiEX, LLC",
      "short_name": "New Jersey v. Kalshi (Supreme Court petition)",
      "category": "supreme_court",
      "court": "Supreme Court of the United States",
      "court_level": "supreme_court",
      "docket": "26-299",
      "filed": "2026-09-02",
      "states": [
        "NJ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Mary Jo Flaherty, Interim Director, New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement",
        "Jennifer Davenport"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "status": "cert_petition_pending",
      "status_detail": "Petition pending; Kalshi's brief in opposition is due Nov. 9, 2026 after a clerk's extension. Eleven amicus briefs were filed from Sept. 22, 2026 through Oct. 8, 2026. The petition has not been distributed for conference.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Jersey gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "New Jersey gaming officials asked the Supreme Court to review the Third Circuit's 2-1 ruling for Kalshi, pointing to the contrary results reached by the Ninth and Sixth Circuits on whether federal commodities law displaces state gambling regulation of sports event contracts. Amici on the docket include Ohio with 38 other states and D.C., gaming regulators, 145 tribes, the NFL, the American Gaming Association and former CFTC Chairman Gary Gensler. The Court has not acted on the petition.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-06",
          "description": "Third Circuit judgment under review (No. 25-1922).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-26",
          "description": "New Jersey applies (No. 25A1465) to extend the filing deadline.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-01",
          "description": "Justice Alito extends the deadline to Aug. 4, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-24",
          "description": "Justice Alito grants a second extension (requested July 22, 2026) to Sept. 3, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-02",
          "description": "Petition for certiorari filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Petition docketed as No. 26-299.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-22",
          "description": "Clerk grants Kalshi's Sept. 18, 2026 motion and extends its response deadline from Oct. 8, 2026 to Nov. 9, 2026; first amicus brief filed (National Council of Legislators from Gaming States).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-07",
          "description": "Amicus briefs filed by Ohio with 38 states and D.C., and by Stop Predatory Gambling and others.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-08",
          "description": "Amicus briefs filed by the NFL, the American Gaming Association, 145 tribes, the Casino Association of New Jersey, former Sen. Christopher Dodd and former CFTC Chairman Gary Gensler.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-flaherty-3d-cir",
        "kalshi-v-flaherty-dnj",
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-scotus",
        "nadex-v-nevada-scotus"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Supreme Court docket No. 26-299",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "New Jersey cert petition, No. 26-299 (PDF)",
          "url": "https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/app/uploads/2026/09/2026-0902_26-_PetitionForWritOfCertiorari.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "MLex: NJ urges justices to resolve Kalshi sports betting split",
          "url": "https://www.mlex.com/tax-authority/state-local/articles/2520762/nj-urges-justices-to-resolve-kalshi-sports-betting-split"
        },
        {
          "name": "Amicus brief docketed 2026-10-07 in No. 26-299 (PDF)",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/26/26-299/428759/20261007134816267_Kalshi%20Cert%20Amicus.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/flaherty-v-kalshiex-scotus"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-dreitzer-scotus",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Dreitzer",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Nevada (Supreme Court petition)",
      "category": "supreme_court",
      "court": "Supreme Court of the United States",
      "court_level": "supreme_court",
      "docket": "26-338",
      "filed": "2026-09-10",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mike Dreitzer, Chairman, Nevada Gaming Control Board, et al.",
        "Nevada Resort Association"
      ],
      "status": "cert_petition_pending",
      "status_detail": "Petition pending; the response deadline was extended on Oct. 9, 2026 from Oct. 14, 2026 to Nov. 13, 2026 for all respondents. Not yet distributed for conference.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood's derivatives subsidiary asked the Supreme Court to review the Ninth Circuit's Aug. 28, 2026 ruling for Nevada regulators in its preemption challenge. The petition presents the same question as New Jersey's petition in the Kalshi case, from the operator side.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "Ninth Circuit decision under review (No. 25-7831).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-10",
          "description": "Petition for certiorari filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-14",
          "description": "Petition docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-09",
          "description": "Clerk grants Robinhood-side motion (filed Oct. 8, 2026) and extends the response deadline from Oct. 14, 2026 to Nov. 13, 2026 for all respondents.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-9th-cir",
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-dnev",
        "flaherty-v-kalshiex-scotus",
        "nadex-v-nevada-scotus"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Supreme Court docket No. 26-338",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-dreitzer-scotus"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-nevada-scotus",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. Nevada",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (NADEX) v. Nevada (Supreme Court petition)",
      "category": "supreme_court",
      "court": "Supreme Court of the United States",
      "court_level": "supreme_court",
      "docket": "26-344",
      "filed": "2026-09-11",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. d/b/a Crypto.com | Derivatives North America"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board, et al.",
        "Nevada Resort Association"
      ],
      "status": "cert_petition_pending",
      "status_detail": "Petition pending; the response deadline was extended on Oct. 8, 2026 from Oct. 15, 2026 to Nov. 16, 2026 for all respondents. Not yet distributed for conference.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Crypto.com's U.S. derivatives exchange petitioned for review of the Ninth Circuit's Aug. 28, 2026 ruling for Nevada. It is one of three pending petitions on whether the CEA preempts state gambling law for sports event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "Ninth Circuit decision under review (No. 25-7187).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-11",
          "description": "Petition for certiorari filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-15",
          "description": "Petition docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-08",
          "description": "Clerk grants the respondents' Oct. 7, 2026 motion and extends the response deadline from Oct. 15, 2026 to Nov. 16, 2026 for all respondents.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nadex-v-nevada-9th-cir",
        "nadex-v-nevada-dnev",
        "flaherty-v-kalshiex-scotus",
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-scotus"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Supreme Court docket No. 26-344",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-nevada-scotus"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-flaherty-dnj",
      "caption": "KalshiEX, LLC v. Flaherty",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. New Jersey (D.N.J.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-02152",
      "filed": "2025-03-28",
      "states": [
        "NJ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mary Jo Flaherty (N.J. Division of Gaming Enforcement)",
        "Matthew J. Platkin (then N.J. Attorney General)"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Judge Edward S. Kiel's April 28, 2025 preliminary injunction bars New Jersey enforcement against Kalshi's sports contracts; the Third Circuit affirmed and the case is stayed pending the appellate mandate.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Jersey gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued after New Jersey sent it a cease-and-desist letter over its sports event contracts. The court granted a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction against civil or criminal enforcement, conditioned on a $100,000 bond. New Jersey appealed, and the district case is stayed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-03-28",
          "description": "Complaint and TRO/PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv02152/564738"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-04-28",
          "description": "Court grants TRO and preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv02152/564738"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-05-08",
          "description": "State defendants appeal to the Third Circuit.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv02152/564738"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-05-21",
          "description": "Proceedings stayed pending the Third Circuit mandate.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv02152/564738"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-06",
          "description": "Third Circuit affirms the preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca3/25-1922/25-1922-2026-04-06.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-flaherty-3d-cir",
        "flaherty-v-kalshiex-scotus",
        "robinhood-v-flaherty-dnj"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Flaherty, D.N.J. 1:25-cv-02152",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv02152/564738"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Flaherty, No. 25-1922 (3d Cir. 2026-04-06)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca3/25-1922/25-1922-2026-04-06.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-flaherty-dnj"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-flaherty-3d-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX, LLC v. Flaherty",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. New Jersey (Third Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "25-1922",
      "filed": "2025-05-15",
      "states": [
        "NJ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mary Jo Flaherty, et al. (New Jersey gaming officials)"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Preliminary injunction affirmed 2-1 on April 6, 2026; New Jersey's cert petition (No. 26-299) is pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Jersey gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "In the first federal appellate ruling on the issue, Judge Porter (joined by Chief Judge Chagares) held Kalshi was likely to show its sports contracts are swaps within the CFTC's exclusive jurisdiction and that field and conflict preemption apply. Judge Roth dissented, stressing the presumption against preemption in a field of traditional state regulation and the CEA's savings clauses. The Ninth and Sixth Circuits later disagreed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-05-15",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=8"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-09-10",
          "description": "Oral argument.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca3/25-1922/25-1922-2026-04-06.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-06",
          "description": "Panel affirms the preliminary injunction, 2-1 (Porter, J.; Roth, J., dissenting).",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca3/25-1922/25-1922-2026-04-06.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-02",
          "description": "New Jersey petitions for certiorari (No. 26-299).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-flaherty-dnj",
        "flaherty-v-kalshiex-scotus"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Flaherty, No. 25-1922 (3d Cir. 2026-04-06)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca3/25-1922/25-1922-2026-04-06.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Supreme Court docket No. 26-299",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 8)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=8"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DLA Piper alert: Legal status at odds (Sept. 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2026/09/legal-status-at-odds-tracking-developments-in-prediction-markets-and-sports-betting"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-flaherty-3d-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-flaherty-dnj",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Flaherty",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. New Jersey (D.N.J.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-14723",
      "filed": "2025-08-19",
      "states": [
        "NJ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mary Jo Flaherty",
        "Matthew J. Platkin",
        "New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Preliminary relief entered by consent order on Aug. 22, 2025 (Judge Edward S. Kiel); the case is administratively stayed until a further court order following the Third Circuit's Kalshi decision. No post-decision activity verified.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Jersey gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood's derivatives arm sued New Jersey officials over its sports event contracts. Rather than litigate a TRO, the parties agreed to a consent order granting preliminary relief and pausing the case until the Third Circuit resolved Kalshi's appeal.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-08-19",
          "description": "Complaint and TRO/PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv14723/581678"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-08-22",
          "description": "Consent order grants preliminary relief and administratively stays the case.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv14723/581678"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-flaherty-dnj"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Flaherty, D.N.J. 1:25-cv-14723",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-jersey/njdce/1:2025cv14723/581678"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-flaherty-dnj"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-martin-dmd",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Martin",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Maryland (D. Md.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-01283",
      "filed": "2025-04-21",
      "states": [
        "MD"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "John A. Martin, Director, Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Agency, et al.",
        "Anthony G. Brown, Maryland Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Judge Adam B. Abelson denied Kalshi a preliminary injunction on Aug. 1, 2025. Maryland then gave written assurance that it would not enforce against Kalshi while the appeal is pending. The appeal (4th Cir. No. 25-1892) was argued May 7, 2026 and is undecided.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Maryland gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued Maryland's gaming regulators to stop enforcement of state gaming law against its sports event contracts. The court declined to enjoin the state, the first such loss for Kalshi in federal court, and Kalshi appealed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-04-21",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=8"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-08-01",
          "description": "Judge Adam B. Abelson denies Kalshi's preliminary-injunction motion, finding no likelihood of success on preemption.",
          "source_url": "https://www.ingame.com/kalshi-first-setback-maryland/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-08-06",
          "description": "Kalshi's appeal docketed in the Fourth Circuit.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-08-13",
          "description": "Kalshi withdraws its motion for an injunction pending appeal after Maryland's counsel gave written assurance (Aug. 12, 2025) that the state would not enforce against Kalshi while the Fourth Circuit appeal is pending.",
          "source_url": "https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/news/betting/maryland-enforcement-efforts-against-kalshi-paused-until-appeal-ruling/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-martin-4th-cir",
        "nadex-v-martin-dmd"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 8)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=8"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Martin, 4th Cir. 25-1892",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "InGame: Kalshi suffers first setback in Maryland (2025-08-01)",
          "url": "https://www.ingame.com/kalshi-first-setback-maryland/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SportsBettingDime: Maryland enforcement paused until appeal ruling (2025-08-14)",
          "url": "https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/news/betting/maryland-enforcement-efforts-against-kalshi-paused-until-appeal-ruling/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-martin-dmd"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-martin-4th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Martin",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Maryland (Fourth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "25-1892",
      "filed": "2025-08-06",
      "states": [
        "MD"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "John A. Martin, et al. (Maryland Lottery and Gaming officials)",
        "Anthony G. Brown, Maryland Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Argued May 7, 2026; no decision as of Oct. 21, 2026 (Vultax, rechecked Oct. 19, 2026). Maryland has agreed not to enforce against Kalshi while the appeal is pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Maryland gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi is appealing the denial of preliminary relief against Maryland. Briefing drew amici on both sides, including the American Gaming Association, tribes and a coalition of states supporting Maryland. The Fourth Circuit's ruling would add a fourth circuit to the split.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-08-06",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-10-15",
          "description": "Kalshi's opening brief filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-12-15",
          "description": "Maryland's response brief filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-01-26",
          "description": "Kalshi's reply brief filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-07",
          "description": "Oral argument.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-14",
          "description": "Maryland files a letter of supplemental authority.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-martin-dmd"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Martin, 4th Cir. 25-1892",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca4/25-1892"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DLA Piper alert: Legal status at odds (Sept. 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2026/09/legal-status-at-odds-tracking-developments-in-prediction-markets-and-sports-betting"
        },
        {
          "name": "SportsBettingDime: Maryland enforcement paused until appeal ruling (2025-08-14)",
          "url": "https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/news/betting/maryland-enforcement-efforts-against-kalshi-paused-until-appeal-ruling/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-martin-4th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-martin-dmd",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. Martin",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (NADEX) v. Maryland (D. Md.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-01285",
      "filed": "2025-04-21",
      "states": [
        "MD"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "John A. Martin, Director, Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Agency",
        "Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Commission",
        "Everett D. Browning, Sr., and other Commission members"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Listed as active; no ruling found. Latest activity seen Aug. 28, 2026 (DeFi Rate).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Maryland gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Crypto.com's U.S. derivatives exchange filed a parallel challenge to Maryland's gaming enforcement the same day as Kalshi.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-04-21",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=North+American+Derivatives+Exchange&page=2"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-martin-dmd"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party North American Derivatives Exchange (p. 2)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=North+American+Derivatives+Exchange&page=2"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-martin-dmd"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-schuler-sdohio",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Ohio (S.D. Ohio)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:25-cv-01165",
      "filed": "2025-10-07",
      "states": [
        "OH"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Matthew T. Schuler and other Ohio Casino Control Commission members/officials",
        "Ohio Casino Control Commission",
        "Dave Yost, Ohio Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Chief Judge Sarah D. Morrison denied a preliminary injunction on March 9, 2026 and the case is stayed pending appeal. The Sixth Circuit affirmed on Sept. 25, 2026, and Kalshi petitioned for rehearing en banc on Oct. 9, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Ohio gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued Ohio regulators after state action against its sports contracts. The district court refused preliminary relief, and the Sixth Circuit affirmed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-10-07",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=7"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-09",
          "description": "Chief Judge Sarah D. Morrison denies Kalshi's preliminary-injunction motion (ECF 69).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2025cv01165/306374"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-11",
          "description": "Kalshi notices appeal (March 10, 2026); Sixth Circuit assigns No. 26-3196.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2025cv01165/306374"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-20",
          "description": "Court denies Kalshi's motion for an injunction pending appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2025cv01165/306374"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-30",
          "description": "Case stayed on joint motion; parties to file a status report within 7 days of the Sixth Circuit mandate.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2025cv01165/306374"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-25",
          "description": "Sixth Circuit affirms the denial.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 7)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=7"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Schuler, No. 26-3196 (6th Cir. 2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 4)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "name": "Action Network: tracking prediction market lawsuits",
          "url": "https://www.actionnetwork.com/education/tracking-prediction-market-lawsuits"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Schuler, S.D. Ohio 2:25-cv-01165",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2025cv01165/306374"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kalshi petition for rehearing en banc (Oct. 9, 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.nextpredict.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Kalshi-rehearing-petition-sixth-circuit.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-schuler-sdohio"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Ohio (Sixth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-3196",
      "filed": "2026-03-11",
      "states": [
        "OH"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Matthew T. Schuler, et al. (Ohio Casino Control Commission)",
        "Dave Yost, Ohio Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Denial of preliminary injunction affirmed in a published opinion on Sept. 25, 2026. Kalshi petitioned for rehearing en banc on Oct. 9, 2026; the petition is pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi's sports-event contracts are swaps under the CEA and, if so, whether the CEA's exclusive-jurisdiction clause preempts Ohio's sports-gaming law.",
      "summary": "Deciding the Ohio and Tennessee appeals together, a panel of Judges Clay, Gibbons and Bloomekatz (opinion by Judge Gibbons) held the contracts are not swaps because the sporting events lack an inherent financial consequence, and that even if they were, the CEA neither expressly nor impliedly preempts the states' gambling laws. The court also held Kalshi may sue under Ex parte Young. The ruling aligns with the Ninth Circuit and conflicts with the Third.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-11",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-12",
          "description": "CFTC announces an amicus brief in the Sixth Circuit supporting exclusive federal jurisdiction.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9230-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-17",
          "description": "Court consolidates Nos. 26-3196 and 26-5235 (and drops the Tennessee Sports Wagering Council as a party in 26-5235).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-30",
          "description": "Oral argument before Judges Clay, Gibbons and Bloomekatz.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-25",
          "description": "Panel affirms the denial of a preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-09",
          "description": "Kalshi petitions for rehearing en banc in the joint Ohio/Tennessee appeals.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nextpredict.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Kalshi-rehearing-petition-sixth-circuit.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-schuler-sdohio",
        "kalshi-v-orgel-6th-cir",
        "mi-v-kalshi-6th-cir",
        "polymarket-v-nessel-6th-cir",
        "robinhood-v-nessel-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Schuler, No. 26-3196 (6th Cir. 2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sixth Circuit opinion 26a0272p-06 (PDF)",
          "url": "https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/26a0272p-06.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Tennessee, Ohio win at Sixth Circuit (2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/25/kalshi-sixth-circuit-sides-oh-tn/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Freshfields blog on the Sixth Circuit ruling",
          "url": "https://www.freshfields.com/en/our-thinking/blogs/a-fresh-take/two-regulators-one-bet-sixth-circuit-holds-state-regulators-can-police-predicti-102o4vb"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sheppard Mullin blog on the Sixth Circuit ruling",
          "url": "https://www.sheppard.com/insights/blogs/sixth-circuit-narrows-swap-definition-and-rejects-preemption-of-state-sports-betting-laws"
        },
        {
          "name": "VitalLaw: Sixth Circuit rules Ohio, Tennessee may apply gambling laws to Kalshi",
          "url": "https://www.vitallaw.com/news/federal-preemption-6th-cir-sixth-circuit-rules-ohio-tennessee-may-apply-gambling-laws-to-kalshi-sports-related-trading/sld0181b9918f79c4447391a631bdf4a208d3"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9230-26: CFTC amicus brief in the Sixth Circuit (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9230-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 4)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Kalshi asks full Sixth Circuit to review panel decision",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-asks-full-sixth-circuit-to-review-panel-decision-favoring-ohio-and-tennessee-officials/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Orgel, 6th Cir. 26-5235",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kalshi petition for rehearing en banc (Oct. 9, 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.nextpredict.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Kalshi-rehearing-petition-sixth-circuit.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "polymarket-v-wilson-sdohio",
      "caption": "QCX LLC v. Wilson",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. Ohio (S.D. Ohio)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-01502",
      "filed": "2026-10-16",
      "states": [
        "OH"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Andy Wilson (listed as Attorney General)",
        "Andromeda Morrison (listed as Interim Executive Director)",
        "Ohio Casino Control Commission members"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct. 16, 2026 under 42 U.S.C. 1983; assigned to Judge Douglas R. Cole. Summons issued; no ruling.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Ohio gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Polymarket's U.S. exchange sued Ohio officials three weeks after the Sixth Circuit rejected Kalshi's preemption arguments in the Ohio case.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-16",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2026cv01502/316878"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-19",
          "description": "Summons issued and counsel appear (per DeFi Rate).",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir",
        "underdog-v-wilson-ndohio"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX LLC v. Wilson, S.D. Ohio 2:26-cv-01502",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohsdce/2:2026cv01502/316878"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/polymarket-v-wilson-sdohio"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-wilson-ndohio",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Wilson",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. Ohio (N.D. Ohio)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-02169",
      "filed": "2026-09-08",
      "states": [
        "OH"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Wilson, et al. (Ohio officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 8, 2026 by Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and UDM, LLC against nine Ohio defendants; assigned to Judge Donald C. Nugent. No TRO or PI motion or ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Ohio gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. sued Ohio officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. Trade press reported it as one of five state suits Underdog filed around Sept. 8, 2026, as it gave up its daily-fantasy licenses in those states.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohndce/1:2026cv02169/330818"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "polymarket-v-wilson-sdohio"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Wilson, N.D. Ohio 1:26-cv-02169",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohndce/1:2026cv02169/330818"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Underdog sues states, ditches DFS licenses (2026-09-09)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/09/underdog-sues-states-prediction-markets/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CDC Gaming: Underdog sues five states",
          "url": "https://cdcgaming.com/underdog-sues-five-states-abandons-dfs-licenses/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-wilson-ndohio"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-orgel-mdtenn",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Orgel",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Tennessee (M.D. Tenn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00034",
      "filed": "2026-01-09",
      "states": [
        "TN"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "William Orgel, Chairman, Tennessee Sports Wagering Council",
        "Mary Beth Thomas, Executive Director, TSWC",
        "Jonathan Skrmetti, Tennessee Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Judge Aleta A. Trauger granted Kalshi a preliminary injunction on Feb. 19, 2026. A Sixth Circuit panel vacated it on Sept. 25, 2026, but Kalshi's petition for rehearing en banc (filed Oct. 9, 2026) is pending and no mandate has been reported, so the case has not yet returned to the district court.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Tennessee gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued after the Tennessee Sports Wagering Council sent it a cease-and-desist letter in early 2026. The court granted the preliminary-injunction motion in part, and Tennessee appealed. The Council itself was dismissed on sovereign-immunity grounds.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-01-09",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-19",
          "description": "Judge Aleta A. Trauger grants Kalshi a preliminary injunction against the state officials, conditioned on a $500,000 bond.",
          "source_url": "https://www.actionnetwork.com/education/tracking-prediction-market-lawsuits"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-23",
          "description": "Tennessee officials' appeal docketed (No. 26-5235).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-25",
          "description": "Sixth Circuit vacates the preliminary injunction and remands.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-orgel-6th-cir",
        "underdog-v-skrmetti-mdtenn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Schuler, No. 26-3196 (6th Cir. 2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 4)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Action Network: tracking prediction market lawsuits",
          "url": "https://www.actionnetwork.com/education/tracking-prediction-market-lawsuits"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Tennessee judge grants Kalshi preliminary injunction (2026-02-20)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/02/20/tennessee-kalshi-preliminary-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Kalshi asks full Sixth Circuit to review panel decision",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-asks-full-sixth-circuit-to-review-panel-decision-favoring-ohio-and-tennessee-officials/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kalshi petition for rehearing en banc (Oct. 9, 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.nextpredict.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Kalshi-rehearing-petition-sixth-circuit.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-orgel-mdtenn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-orgel-6th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Orgel",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Tennessee (Sixth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-5235",
      "filed": "2026-03-23",
      "states": [
        "TN"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "William Orgel, et al. (Tennessee Sports Wagering Council)",
        "Jonathan Skrmetti, Tennessee Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Preliminary injunction vacated and case remanded on Sept. 25, 2026; Kalshi's petition for rehearing en banc (filed Oct. 9, 2026) is pending, and no mandate has been reported.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Tennessee gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Tennessee appealed the injunction Kalshi had won. In the joint Ohio/Tennessee opinion, the Sixth Circuit held the CEA does not preempt Tennessee's sports-wagering law as applied to Kalshi's sports contracts, vacated the injunction and remanded.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-23",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-27",
          "description": "Court agrees to send the Tennessee appeal to the same merits panel as the Ohio appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-17",
          "description": "Court consolidates Nos. 26-3196 and 26-5235 (and drops the Tennessee Sports Wagering Council as a party in 26-5235).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-30",
          "description": "Oral argument before Judges Clay, Gibbons and Bloomekatz.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-25",
          "description": "Panel vacates the preliminary injunction and remands.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-09",
          "description": "Kalshi petitions for rehearing en banc in the joint Ohio/Tennessee appeals.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nextpredict.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Kalshi-rehearing-petition-sixth-circuit.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-orgel-mdtenn",
        "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Schuler, No. 26-3196 (6th Cir. 2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sixth Circuit opinion 26a0272p-06 (PDF)",
          "url": "https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/26a0272p-06.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Tennessee, Ohio win at Sixth Circuit (2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/25/kalshi-sixth-circuit-sides-oh-tn/"
        },
        {
          "name": "VitalLaw: Sixth Circuit rules Ohio, Tennessee may apply gambling laws to Kalshi",
          "url": "https://www.vitallaw.com/news/federal-preemption-6th-cir-sixth-circuit-rules-ohio-tennessee-may-apply-gambling-laws-to-kalshi-sports-related-trading/sld0181b9918f79c4447391a631bdf4a208d3"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 4)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=4"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Kalshi asks full Sixth Circuit to review panel decision",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-asks-full-sixth-circuit-to-review-panel-decision-favoring-ohio-and-tennessee-officials/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Orgel, 6th Cir. 26-5235",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-5235"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kalshi petition for rehearing en banc (Oct. 9, 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.nextpredict.io/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Kalshi-rehearing-petition-sixth-circuit.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-orgel-6th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-skrmetti-mdtenn",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Skrmetti",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. Tennessee (M.D. Tenn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-01461",
      "filed": "2026-10-13",
      "states": [
        "TN"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Jonathan Skrmetti, Tennessee Attorney General",
        "William Orgel and other Tennessee Sports Wagering Council members and staff (11 defendants in all)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct. 13, 2026 by Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and UDM, LLC; assigned to Judge William L. Campbell. Initial case-management conference set for Jan. 28, 2027. No TRO or PI motion shown as of Oct. 13, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Tennessee gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. sued Tennessee officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. It was filed less than three weeks after the Sixth Circuit vacated Kalshi's Tennessee injunction.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-13",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/tennessee/tnmdce/3:2026cv01461/112116"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-orgel-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Skrmetti, M.D. Tenn. 3:26-cv-01461",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/tennessee/tnmdce/3:2026cv01461/112116"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-skrmetti-mdtenn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mi-v-kalshi-ingham",
      "caption": "Nessel v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Michigan v. Kalshi (Ingham County)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "Ingham County Circuit Court, Michigan",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "26-1087-CZ",
      "filed": "2026-03",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Dana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General (for the People and the Michigan Gaming Control Board)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Back in state court after remand, Judge Rosemarie Aquilina entered a TRO on June 29, 2026 (later narrowed) and a preliminary injunction on Sept. 1, 2026 barring Kalshi's sports contracts and their marketing in Michigan. The Attorney General moved for civil contempt on Sept. 29, 2026; a show-cause hearing is set for Nov. 24, 2026. Kalshi's appeal of the remand order is held at the Sixth Circuit.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under Michigan law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "Michigan's Attorney General alleges Kalshi operates as an unlicensed sports-betting operator under the Lawful Sports Betting Act and seeks a declaration and permanent injunction. Kalshi removed the case, but the federal court sent it back, and the state court has restrained Kalshi.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-05",
          "description": "Kalshi removes the case to the W.D. Mich. (No. 1:26-cv-00731).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00731/119560"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-18",
          "description": "Attorney General moves to remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00731/119560"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-25",
          "description": "Judge Paul L. Maloney grants the remand motion in part and returns the case to Ingham County Circuit Court; judgment entered the same day.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00731/119560"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-29",
          "description": "State court enters a 14-day TRO requiring Kalshi to geoblock Michigan users from sports contracts.",
          "source_url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/03/kalshi-michigan-preliminary-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-14",
          "description": "On Kalshi's emergency motion, Judge Aquilina narrows the temporary order so Kalshi blocks Michigan account addresses instead of all in-state geolocations; the sports pause stays in place (reported July 14, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://focusgn.com/michigan-court-narrows-kalshi-restrictions-but-keeps-sports-contracts-pause-in-place"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-24",
          "description": "Kalshi appeals the remand order (6th Cir. No. 26-1639).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00731/119560"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-01",
          "description": "Judge Rosemarie Aquilina grants a preliminary injunction requiring Kalshi to stop sports contracts in Michigan, geoblock the state through an MGCB-licensed provider, and give the order to FCMs; $500,000 per day for geolocation noncompliance.",
          "source_url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/03/kalshi-michigan-preliminary-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-29",
          "description": "Attorney General moves to hold Kalshi in civil contempt, citing sports promotions sent to Michigan users after the injunction; show-cause hearing set for Nov. 24, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/michigan-wants-kalshi-held-in-contempt-as-state-crackdown-moves-beyond-trading/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "mi-v-kalshi-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Nessel v. KalshiEX, W.D. Mich. 1:26-cv-00731",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00731/119560"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bridge Michigan: Michigan sues Kalshi (2026-03-05)",
          "url": "https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/michigan-sues-prediction-market-kalshi-alleging-illegal-sports-betting/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: why the Michigan judge told Kalshi to shutter sports and geofence (2026-09-03)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/03/kalshi-michigan-preliminary-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Michigan wants Kalshi held in contempt",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/michigan-wants-kalshi-held-in-contempt-as-state-crackdown-moves-beyond-trading/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Focus Gaming News: Michigan court narrows Kalshi restrictions (2026-07-14)",
          "url": "https://focusgn.com/michigan-court-narrows-kalshi-restrictions-but-keeps-sports-contracts-pause-in-place"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/mi-v-kalshi-ingham"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mi-v-kalshi-6th-cir",
      "caption": "Nessel v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Michigan v. Kalshi remand appeal (Sixth Circuit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1639",
      "filed": "2026-07-27",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Dana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Briefing held in abeyance since Aug. 24, 2026 pending the Ohio/Tennessee appeals (Nos. 26-3196, 26-5235). Kalshi must file a status report within 21 days of judgment in those appeals; their panel decision issued Sept. 25, 2026 but a rehearing petition is pending. No later docket activity verified.",
      "key_question": "Whether the district court erred in remanding Michigan's suit for lack of federal-question jurisdiction, no complete preemption, and no CFTC-related basis for federal-officer removal.",
      "summary": "Kalshi is appealing the order returning Michigan's enforcement action to state court. The appeal was paused for the Sixth Circuit's Ohio and Tennessee decisions, which issued on Sept. 25, 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-07-27",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1639"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-03",
          "description": "Kalshi moves to stay the appeal (granted as abeyance on Aug. 24, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1639"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-24",
          "description": "Briefing held in abeyance pending Nos. 26-3196 and 26-5235.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1639"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-25",
          "description": "Sixth Circuit decides the Ohio and Tennessee appeals.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "mi-v-kalshi-ingham",
        "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Nessel v. KalshiEX, 6th Cir. 26-1639",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1639"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Nessel v. KalshiEX, W.D. Mich. 1:26-cv-00731",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00731/119560"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Schuler, No. 26-3196 (6th Cir. 2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/26-3196/26-3196-2026-09-25.html"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/mi-v-kalshi-6th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "polymarket-v-nessel-wdmich",
      "caption": "QCX, LLC v. Nessel",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. Michigan (W.D. Mich.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-00710",
      "filed": "2026-03-04",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX, LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Dana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General",
        "Michigan Gaming Control Board members and executive director"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Preliminary injunction denied June 17, 2026; appeal pending (6th Cir. No. 26-1552).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Michigan gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Polymarket's U.S. exchange sued Michigan officials to block enforcement of state gaming law. The court denied preliminary relief the same day it denied Robinhood's parallel motion.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-04",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=QCX&page=2"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-17",
          "description": "Preliminary injunction denied.",
          "source_url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "polymarket-v-nessel-6th-cir",
        "robinhood-v-nessel-wdmich"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party QCX (p. 2)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=QCX&page=2"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX v. Nessel, 6th Cir. 26-1552",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1552"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/polymarket-v-nessel-wdmich"
    },
    {
      "slug": "polymarket-v-nessel-6th-cir",
      "caption": "QCX, LLC v. Nessel",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. Michigan (Sixth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1552",
      "filed": "2026-06-25",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX, LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Dana Nessel, et al. (Michigan officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Briefing stage; per the related Robinhood docket, the appeal will go to the same panel as Robinhood's Michigan appeal. No decision.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Michigan gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Polymarket US appealed the denial of preliminary relief against Michigan and asked to expedite and consolidate with the Kalshi and Robinhood appeals; the court let the appeals proceed in the normal course.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-25",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1552"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-26",
          "description": "Motion to expedite and consolidate with Nos. 26-3196, 26-5235 and 26-1542.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1552"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "polymarket-v-nessel-wdmich",
        "robinhood-v-nessel-6th-cir",
        "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX v. Nessel, 6th Cir. 26-1552",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1552"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Nessel, 6th Cir. 26-1542",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1542"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/polymarket-v-nessel-6th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-nessel-wdmich",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Nessel",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Michigan (W.D. Mich.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-00730",
      "filed": "2026-03-04",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Dana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General",
        "Michigan Gaming Control Board members and executive director"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Judge Paul L. Maloney denied a preliminary injunction on June 17, 2026; the case is stayed pending the Sixth Circuit appeal (No. 26-1542). Under an agreement announced Sept. 9, 2026, Robinhood halted sports-related contracts in Michigan during the litigation.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Michigan gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood's derivatives arm challenged Michigan's position that its sports contracts require a state license. The court denied preliminary relief, Robinhood appealed the next day, and the district case was stayed in August 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-04",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00730/119558"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-09",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00730/119558"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-17",
          "description": "Opinion and order denying the preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00730/119558"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-18",
          "description": "Notice of appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00730/119558"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-05",
          "description": "Case stayed pending appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00730/119558"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-09",
          "description": "Michigan Gaming Control Board announces Robinhood has agreed to halt sports-related event contracts in Michigan while the litigation continues.",
          "source_url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mgcb/news/2026/09/09/robinhood-agrees-to-halt-contracts"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-nessel-6th-cir",
        "polymarket-v-nessel-wdmich"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Nessel, W.D. Mich. 1:26-cv-00730",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miwdce/1:2026cv00730/119558"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "MGCB: Robinhood agrees to halt sports-related event contracts (2026-09-09)",
          "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mgcb/news/2026/09/09/robinhood-agrees-to-halt-contracts"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-nessel-wdmich"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-nessel-6th-cir",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Nessel",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Michigan (Sixth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1542",
      "filed": "2026-06-23",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Dana Nessel, et al. (Michigan officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Robinhood's brief filed Aug. 17, 2026; Michigan's brief was due Sept. 15, 2026. To be heard by the same panel as the Polymarket US appeal. No decision.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Michigan gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood is appealing the denial of preliminary relief against Michigan. Its request to expedite and consolidate with the Kalshi appeals was denied on July 2, 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-23",
          "description": "Appeal docketed; motion to expedite and consolidate filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1542"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-02",
          "description": "Omnibus motion denied; appeal to proceed normally.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1542"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-17",
          "description": "Robinhood's opening brief filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1542"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-09",
          "description": "MGCB announces Robinhood's agreement to halt Michigan sports-related contracts pending the litigation.",
          "source_url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mgcb/news/2026/09/09/robinhood-agrees-to-halt-contracts"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-nessel-wdmich",
        "polymarket-v-nessel-6th-cir",
        "kalshi-v-schuler-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Nessel, 6th Cir. 26-1542",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1542"
        },
        {
          "name": "MGCB: Robinhood agrees to halt sports-related event contracts (2026-09-09)",
          "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mgcb/news/2026/09/09/robinhood-agrees-to-halt-contracts"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-nessel-6th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "coinbase-v-nessel-edmich",
      "caption": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. v. Nessel",
      "short_name": "Coinbase v. Michigan (E.D. Mich.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "4:25-cv-14092",
      "filed": "2025-12-18",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Dana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General",
        "Michigan Gaming Control Board members and executive director"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Judge Shalina D. Kumar denied Coinbase a preliminary injunction in early August 2026; Coinbase appealed (6th Cir. No. 26-1693). Coinbase then stipulated to stop offering new sports contracts in Michigan by Oct. 10, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Michigan gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Coinbase's derivatives entity sued Michigan officials over application of state gaming law to its event contracts. After the preliminary-injunction phase it appealed, and it has agreed to wind down new sports contracts in Michigan.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-12-18",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/4:2025cv14092/390903"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-12-19",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/4:2025cv14092/390903"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-01-12",
          "description": "Stipulated order governing enforcement actions entered.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/4:2025cv14092/390903"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-24",
          "description": "Hearing set on the PI motion before Judge Shalina D. Kumar (notice entered May 26, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/4:2025cv14092/390903"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08",
          "description": "Judge Shalina D. Kumar denies Coinbase's preliminary-injunction motion (reported Aug. 7, 2026; exact order date not confirmed).",
          "source_url": "https://theblock.co/news/regulation/2026-08-07-michigan-judge-denies-coinbase-bid-prediction-markets-411128"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Appeal docketed in the Sixth Circuit.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1693"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-07",
          "description": "Coinbase stipulates to stop new sports contracts in Michigan by Oct. 10, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "coinbase-v-nessel-6th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Nessel, E.D. Mich. 4:25-cv-14092",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/4:2025cv14092/390903"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Nessel, 6th Cir. 26-1693",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1693"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "The Block: Michigan judge denies Coinbase bid (2026-08-07)",
          "url": "https://theblock.co/news/regulation/2026-08-07-michigan-judge-denies-coinbase-bid-prediction-markets-411128"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Coinbase denied Michigan preliminary injunction (2026-08-07)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/08/07/coinbase-denied-injunction-michigan/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gaming.net: Coinbase to end Michigan sports event contracts under state stipulation",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.net/coinbase-to-end-michigan-sports-event-contracts-under-state-stipulation/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/coinbase-v-nessel-edmich"
    },
    {
      "slug": "coinbase-v-nessel-6th-cir",
      "caption": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. v. Nessel",
      "short_name": "Coinbase v. Michigan (Sixth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1693",
      "filed": "2026-08-10",
      "states": [
        "MI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Dana Nessel, et al. (Michigan officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Reported stayed pending related Sixth Circuit appeals; no decision.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Michigan gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Coinbase's appeal in its Michigan case is paused while the Sixth Circuit resolves related prediction-market appeals.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1693"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-07",
          "description": "Coinbase stipulates to stop new Michigan sports contracts by Oct. 10, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "coinbase-v-nessel-edmich"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Nessel, 6th Cir. 26-1693",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca6/26-1693"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gaming.net: Coinbase to end Michigan sports event contracts under state stipulation",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.net/coinbase-to-end-michigan-sports-event-contracts-under-state-stipulation/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/coinbase-v-nessel-6th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-hendrick-dnev",
      "caption": "KalshiEX, LLC v. Hendrick",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Nevada (D. Nev.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:25-cv-00575",
      "filed": "2025-03-28",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Nevada Gaming Control Board and its members (Kirk D. Hendrick, George Assad, et al.)",
        "Nevada Gaming Commission",
        "Aaron D. Ford, Nevada Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Chief Judge Andrew P. Gordon's April 2025 injunction was dissolved on Nov. 24, 2025. The Ninth Circuit affirmed on Aug. 28, 2026 and sent election-contract questions back, but Kalshi's rehearing en banc petition is pending, so the mandate has not issued.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi initially won a preliminary injunction against Nevada gaming regulators, but the court later dissolved it, concluding Kalshi was unlikely to succeed on preemption. Nevada Resort Association intervened on the state's side.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-03-28",
          "description": "Complaint and TRO/PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2025cv00575/173903"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-04-09",
          "description": "Written order granting a preliminary injunction (2025 WL 1073495).",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-06-02",
          "description": "Nevada Resort Association allowed to intervene.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2025cv00575/173903"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-24",
          "description": "Chief Judge Gordon dissolves the preliminary injunction, citing intervening rulings and Kalshi's expanded offerings; Kalshi seeks a stay pending appeal the next day.",
          "source_url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2025/11/25/nevada-judge-dissolve-kalshi-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-28",
          "description": "Kalshi's appeal of the dissolution docketed (No. 25-7516).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7516"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "Ninth Circuit affirms in part and remands the election-contract questions.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir",
        "nevada-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Hendrick, D. Nev. 2:25-cv-00575",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2025cv00575/173903"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Assad, No. 25-7516 (9th Cir. 2026-08-28)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Assad, 9th Cir. 25-7516",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7516"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Nevada judge tells Kalshi to pull sports contracts (2025-11-25)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2025/11/25/nevada-judge-dissolve-kalshi-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SCCG: Kalshi en banc request stays Ninth Circuit ruling (2026-09-16)",
          "url": "https://sccgmanagement.com/sccg-articles/2026/09/16/kalshi-en-banc-request-stays-ninth-circuit-ruling-on-state-gambling-enforcement/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-hendrick-dnev"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX, LLC v. Assad",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Nevada (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "25-7516",
      "filed": "2025-11-28",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "George Assad, et al. (Nevada Gaming Control Board and Commission)",
        "Aaron D. Ford, Nevada Attorney General",
        "Nevada Resort Association (intervenor)"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Affirmed in part and remanded in part on Aug. 28, 2026. Kalshi petitioned for rehearing en banc in September 2026; the petition is pending and the mandate has not issued.",
      "key_question": "Whether sports event contracts are swaps under the CEA and, if not, whether the CEA preempts Nevada's gaming laws as applied to them.",
      "summary": "Consolidated with the Crypto.com and Robinhood appeals and argued April 16, 2026, the case produced a unanimous published opinion by Judge R. Nelson (Judges Bade and Lee; Lee concurring) holding the sports contracts likely are not swaps, that CFTC rule 40.11 currently bars gaming contracts on DCMs, and that Kalshi showed no likely express, field or conflict preemption. Election contracts were sent back to the district court. The ruling created a split with the Third Circuit.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-11-28",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7516"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-26",
          "description": "Consolidated with Nos. 25-7187 and 25-7831 for argument.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-16",
          "description": "Oral argument in San Francisco (Nelson, Bade, Lee).",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "Opinion affirming in part and remanding in part.",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09",
          "description": "Kalshi petitions for rehearing en banc, which stays the panel's mandate (reported by SCCG on Sept. 16, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://sccgmanagement.com/sccg-articles/2026/09/16/kalshi-en-banc-request-stays-ninth-circuit-ruling-on-state-gambling-enforcement/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-hendrick-dnev",
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-9th-cir",
        "nadex-v-nevada-9th-cir",
        "kalshi-v-johnson-9th-cir",
        "cftc-v-johnson-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Assad, No. 25-7516 (9th Cir. 2026-08-28)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Assad, 9th Cir. 25-7516",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7516"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Dreitzer, 9th Cir. 25-7831",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        },
        {
          "name": "DLA Piper alert: Legal status at odds (Sept. 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2026/09/legal-status-at-odds-tracking-developments-in-prediction-markets-and-sports-betting"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SCCG: Kalshi en banc request stays Ninth Circuit ruling (2026-09-16)",
          "url": "https://sccgmanagement.com/sccg-articles/2026/09/16/kalshi-en-banc-request-stays-ninth-circuit-ruling-on-state-gambling-enforcement/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Deadspin: Kalshi wants a rehearing of the Ninth Circuit case",
          "url": "https://deadspin.com/prediction-markets/legal-news/kalshi-wants-a-rehearing-of-the-ninth-circuit-case/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-dreitzer-dnev",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Dreitzer",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Nevada (D. Nev.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:25-cv-01541",
      "filed": "2025-08-19",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mike Dreitzer, et al. (Nevada gaming regulators)",
        "Aaron Ford, Nevada Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Robinhood appealed a preliminary-injunction ruling; the Ninth Circuit ruled for Nevada on Aug. 28, 2026 and Robinhood's cert petition (No. 26-338) is pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood's derivatives arm challenged Nevada's enforcement against its sports event contracts. The preliminary-injunction ruling went up to the Ninth Circuit with the Kalshi and Crypto.com appeals.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-08-19",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2025cv01541/176389"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-08-19",
          "description": "Robinhood also files a TRO/preliminary-injunction motion; Chief Judge Andrew P. Gordon presides (Judge Mahan recused Aug. 20, 2025).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2025cv01541/176389"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-12-12",
          "description": "Appeal docketed (No. 25-7831).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-9th-cir",
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-scotus"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Dreitzer, D. Nev. 2:25-cv-01541",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2025cv01541/176389"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Dreitzer, 9th Cir. 25-7831",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-dreitzer-dnev"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-dreitzer-9th-cir",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Dreitzer",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Nevada (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "25-7831",
      "filed": "2025-12-12",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mike Dreitzer, et al. (Nevada gaming regulators)",
        "Nevada Resort Association (intervenor)"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Decided for Nevada on Aug. 28, 2026; cert petition No. 26-338 pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Consolidated with the Kalshi and Crypto.com appeals and argued April 16, 2026, the appeal was resolved for Nevada the same day as Kalshi v. Assad. Robinhood went directly to the Supreme Court.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-12-12",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-26",
          "description": "Consolidated with Nos. 25-7187 and 25-7516.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-16",
          "description": "Argued and submitted.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "Decision for Nevada.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-10",
          "description": "Cert petition filed (No. 26-338).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-dnev",
        "robinhood-v-dreitzer-scotus",
        "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Dreitzer, 9th Cir. 25-7831",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7831"
        },
        {
          "name": "Supreme Court docket No. 26-338",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-338.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-dreitzer-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-nevada-dnev",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (NADEX) v. Nevada (D. Nev.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:25-cv-00978",
      "filed": "2025-06-03",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. d/b/a Crypto.com | Derivatives North America"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board",
        "George Assad, Mike Dreitzer, Aaron D. Ford, et al."
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Preliminary injunction denied Oct. 14, 2025; the Ninth Circuit ruled for Nevada on Aug. 28, 2026; cert petition No. 26-344 pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Crypto.com's U.S. derivatives exchange sought to block Nevada from enforcing gaming law against its sports contracts. The court denied preliminary relief, and the appeal was decided with Kalshi's.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-06-03",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=North+American+Derivatives+Exchange&page=2"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-10-14",
          "description": "Preliminary injunction denied (815 F. Supp. 3d 1169).",
          "source_url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-14",
          "description": "Appeal docketed (No. 25-7187).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7187"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nadex-v-nevada-9th-cir",
        "nadex-v-nevada-scotus"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party North American Derivatives Exchange (p. 2)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=North+American+Derivatives+Exchange&page=2"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia: KalshiEX v. Assad, No. 25-7516 (9th Cir. 2026-08-28)",
          "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/25-7516/25-7516-2026-08-28.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: North American Derivatives Exchange v. Nevada, 9th Cir. 25-7187",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7187"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-nevada-dnev"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-nevada-9th-cir",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. State of Nevada",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (NADEX) v. Nevada (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "25-7187",
      "filed": "2025-11-14",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board, et al.",
        "Nevada Resort Association (intervenor)"
      ],
      "status": "decided",
      "status_detail": "Decided for Nevada on Aug. 28, 2026; cert petition No. 26-344 pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "The exchange's appeal of the injunction denial was consolidated with Kalshi's and Robinhood's, argued April 16, 2026 and decided for Nevada on Aug. 28, 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-11-14",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7187"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-26",
          "description": "Consolidated with Nos. 25-7516 and 25-7831.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7187"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-16",
          "description": "Argued and submitted.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7187"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "Decision for Nevada.",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-11",
          "description": "Cert petition filed (No. 26-344).",
          "source_url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nadex-v-nevada-dnev",
        "nadex-v-nevada-scotus",
        "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: North American Derivatives Exchange v. Nevada, 9th Cir. 25-7187",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7187"
        },
        {
          "name": "Supreme Court docket No. 26-344",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-344.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-nevada-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "coinbase-v-ford-dnev",
      "caption": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. v. Ford",
      "short_name": "Coinbase v. Nevada (D. Nev.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-00256",
      "filed": "2026-02-04",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Aaron D. Ford, Nevada Attorney General",
        "Nevada Gaming Control Board and Commission members"
      ],
      "status": "dismissed",
      "status_detail": "Judge Cristina D. Silva denied the emergency TRO/PI motion and dismissed the complaint without prejudice on Feb. 7, 2026, abstaining under Younger and citing the Anti-Injunction Act in deference to the pending state enforcement case.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Nevada gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Coinbase sought emergency relief as Nevada regulators pursued an ex parte motion against it in state court. The federal court ordered expedited briefing on mootness and abstention, then denied relief and dismissed the case three days after filing.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-02-04",
          "description": "Complaint and emergency TRO/PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00256/179380"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-07",
          "description": "Motion denied and complaint dismissed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00256/179380"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nevada-v-coinbase"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Ford, D. Nev. 2:26-cv-00256",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00256/179380"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "McDonald Carano: Federal judge dismisses Coinbase complaint against Nevada AG",
          "url": "https://mdf-law.com/coinbase-nevada-lawsuit/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/coinbase-v-ford-dnev"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nevada-v-coinbase",
      "caption": "Nevada Gaming Control Board v. Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc.",
      "short_name": "Nevada v. Coinbase (Carson City)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "First Judicial District Court of Nevada, Carson City",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "26 OC 00030 1B",
      "filed": "2026-02-02",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "The Carson City court granted the Board a preliminary injunction in March 2026 that bars Coinbase from offering sports, election and entertainment event contracts in Nevada while the enforcement case proceeds.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under Nevada law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "Nevada regulators sued Coinbase's derivatives entity in Carson City on Feb. 2, 2026 seeking a declaration and injunction against its event contracts. Coinbase's parallel federal suit was dismissed days later, and the state court then preliminarily enjoined Coinbase's sports, election and entertainment contracts in Nevada, rejecting its argument that the CFTC's jurisdiction is exclusive.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-02-02",
          "description": "Nevada Gaming Control Board files a civil enforcement action against Coinbase Financial Markets in the Carson City district court, seeking a declaration and injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/ngcb-files-civil-enforcement-action-against-coinbase-02.03.26.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-07",
          "description": "Coinbase's parallel federal suit seeking to stop the state action is dismissed (D. Nev. No. 2:26-cv-00256).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00256/179380"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03",
          "description": "Court grants the Board a preliminary injunction barring Coinbase from offering sports, election and entertainment event contracts in Nevada (exact date not confirmed).",
          "source_url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/06/02/judge-grants-ngcb-injunction-polymarket/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "coinbase-v-ford-dnev"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Ford, D. Nev. 2:26-cv-00256",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00256/179380"
        },
        {
          "name": "NGCB press release: civil enforcement action against Coinbase (2026-02-03)",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/ngcb-files-civil-enforcement-action-against-coinbase-02.03.26.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Nevada regulator sues Coinbase (2026-02-04)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/02/04/nevada-regulator-sues-coinbase/"
        },
        {
          "name": "NGCB enforcement litigation update (2026-06-01)",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/contentassets/b9f7b024bdbc4c8693d3a511ea5d9841/nevada-gaming-control-board-provides-enforcement-litigation-update.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Nevada judge grants NGCB injunction against Polymarket, recaps Coinbase PI (2026-06-02)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/06/02/judge-grants-ngcb-injunction-polymarket/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nevada-v-coinbase"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nevada-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board v. KalshiEX, LLC",
      "short_name": "Nevada v. Kalshi (Carson City)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "First Judicial District Court of Nevada, Carson City",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "260000050-1B",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Judge Jason Woodbury ruled from the bench on April 3, 2026 and entered a written preliminary injunction on May 18, 2026 barring Kalshi from sports, election and entertainment contracts in Nevada. After a contempt motion, Kalshi agreed (filed July 23, 2026) to third-party geofencing by Aug. 12, 2026, with $120,000-per-day penalties until it is in place.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under Nevada law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "Nevada regulators sued Kalshi in state court once its federal injunction was dissolved. Kalshi removed the case, but the federal court remanded it and the Ninth Circuit refused a stay. The state court then enjoined Kalshi, and regulators pursued contempt over contracts their investigators entered from within Nevada.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-02-17",
          "description": "Kalshi removes the case to the D. Nev. (No. 2:26-cv-00406).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00406/179596"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-02",
          "description": "Federal court grants Nevada's emergency remand motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00406/179596"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-12",
          "description": "After briefly recalling remand, federal court denies a stay and remands again.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00406/179596"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-20",
          "description": "State court enters a 14-day temporary restraining order (reported as March 20, 2026 or March 21, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://www.actionnetwork.com/education/tracking-prediction-market-lawsuits"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-03",
          "description": "Judge Jason Woodbury announces from the bench that he will grant the Board's preliminary-injunction motion; written order to follow, TRO extended.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/ngcb-granted-preliminary-injunction-against-kalshi.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-18",
          "description": "Written preliminary injunction entered, barring Kalshi from offering or facilitating sports, election and entertainment event contracts in Nevada.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/nevada-gaming-control-board-shuts-down-kalshis-sports-prediction-market-business-in-nevada.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-23",
          "description": "Kalshi's agreement on geofencing filed after contempt motion.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/nevada-gaming-control-board-shuts-down-kalshis-sports-prediction-market-business-in-nevada.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-24",
          "description": "Nevada Gaming Control Board announces the agreement.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/nevada-gaming-control-board-shuts-down-kalshis-sports-prediction-market-business-in-nevada.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nevada-v-kalshi-9th-cir",
        "kalshi-v-hendrick-dnev"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Nevada v. KalshiEX, D. Nev. 2:26-cv-00406",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00406/179596"
        },
        {
          "name": "Public Gaming: Nevada GCB shuts down Kalshi sports markets in Nevada (2026-07-24)",
          "url": "https://www.publicgaming.com/news-categories-m/legal/16169-nevada-gaming-control-board-shuts-down-kalshis-sports-prediction-market-business-in-nevada"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "NGCB release: preliminary injunction granted against Kalshi (2026-04-03)",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/ngcb-granted-preliminary-injunction-against-kalshi.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "NGCB release: Board shuts down Kalshi's sports prediction market business in Nevada (2026-07-24)",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/about/press-release/nevada-gaming-control-board-shuts-down-kalshis-sports-prediction-market-business-in-nevada.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "Action Network: tracking prediction market lawsuits",
          "url": "https://www.actionnetwork.com/education/tracking-prediction-market-lawsuits"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: NGCB wants Kalshi held in contempt (2026-06-15)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/06/15/nevada-kalshi-contempt-of-court/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nevada-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nevada-v-kalshi-9th-cir",
      "caption": "State of Nevada v. KalshiEX, LLC",
      "short_name": "Nevada v. Kalshi remand appeal (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1304",
      "filed": "2026-03-05",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Briefing stage. On May 21, 2026 the court denied Kalshi a stay pending appeal and denied Nevada's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. An April 16 'argued and submitted' entry was later noted as entered in error; the appeal has not been argued. No merits decision.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi may obtain appellate review of, and reversal of, the order remanding Nevada's enforcement suit to state court.",
      "summary": "Kalshi appealed the remand of Nevada's enforcement action. The Ninth Circuit denied an emergency administrative stay in March and, on May 21, 2026, denied a stay pending appeal while rejecting Nevada's argument that the remand order is unreviewable, because Kalshi removed under the federal-officer statute. The appeal is being briefed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-05",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-13",
          "description": "Kalshi moves for a stay; Nevada moves to dismiss the appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-19",
          "description": "Emergency administrative stay denied.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-16",
          "description": "Docket entry shows the case as argued and submitted; the court later noted it was submitted in error because the appeal had not been briefed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-21",
          "description": "Court denies Kalshi's stay pending appeal and denies Nevada's motion to dismiss, holding it has jurisdiction because the case was removed under 28 U.S.C. 1442; briefing schedule reset.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-15",
          "description": "Clerk extends Kalshi's opening-brief deadline.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nevada-v-kalshi",
        "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Nevada v. KalshiEX, 9th Cir. 26-1304",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1304"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Nevada v. KalshiEX, D. Nev. 2:26-cv-00406",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2026cv00406/179596"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nevada-v-kalshi-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nevada-v-polymarket",
      "caption": "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board v. Blockratize, Inc.",
      "short_name": "Nevada v. Polymarket (Carson City)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "Nevada district court, Carson City (First Judicial District)",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": null,
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket",
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Blockratize, Inc. d/b/a Polymarket",
        "QCX, LLC d/b/a Polymarket US",
        "Adventure One QSS, Inc."
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "A state-court restraining order was entered Jan. 29, 2026. The case was removed and then remanded on March 2, 2026, and on May 29, 2026 Judge Jason Woodbury granted a preliminary injunction barring Polymarket from offering sports, election and entertainment event contracts in Nevada while the case proceeds. The defendants' appeal of the remand order (9th Cir. No. 26-1343) is pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether Nevada's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Nevada gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Nevada regulators sued Polymarket's parent and U.S. exchange entities in state court and obtained a restraining order in January 2026. The defendants removed the case, but it was sent back to state court, where the judge later granted a preliminary injunction.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-01-29",
          "description": "State court restraining order.",
          "source_url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-05",
          "description": "Case removed to the D. Nev. (No. 3:26-cv-00089).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=QCX&page=2"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-02",
          "description": "Federal court remands the case.",
          "source_url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-06",
          "description": "Appeal docketed (No. 26-1343).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1343"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-29",
          "description": "Judge Jason Woodbury grants the Board's preliminary-injunction motion against QCX LLC (Polymarket US); written order to follow.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/contentassets/b9f7b024bdbc4c8693d3a511ea5d9841/nevada-gaming-control-board-provides-enforcement-litigation-update.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nevada-v-polymarket-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party QCX (p. 2)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=QCX&page=2"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Nevada v. Blockratize, 9th Cir. 26-1343",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1343"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nevada AG: preliminary injunction in prediction market case (2026-06-03)",
          "url": "https://ag.nv.gov/News/PR/2026/Attorney_General_Ford_Announces_Preliminary_Injunction_in_Prediction_Market_Case/"
        },
        {
          "name": "NGCB enforcement litigation update (2026-06-01)",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.nv.gov/contentassets/b9f7b024bdbc4c8693d3a511ea5d9841/nevada-gaming-control-board-provides-enforcement-litigation-update.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: judge grants NGCB injunction against Polymarket (2026-06-02)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/06/02/judge-grants-ngcb-injunction-polymarket/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nevada-v-polymarket"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nevada-v-polymarket-9th-cir",
      "caption": "State of Nevada v. Blockratize, Inc.",
      "short_name": "Nevada v. Polymarket remand appeal (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1343",
      "filed": "2026-03-06",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket",
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Nevada ex rel. Nevada Gaming Control Board"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Blockratize, Inc.",
        "QCX, LLC",
        "Adventure One QSS, Inc."
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Pending. The stay motion was fully briefed by March 30, 2026; the Justia docket (retrieved April 22, 2026) shows no ruling on it, though Vultax and Bloomberg Law report the stay request failed. No merits decision.",
      "key_question": "Whether the order remanding Nevada's enforcement suit against Polymarket entities to state court should be reversed.",
      "summary": "Polymarket entities appealed the remand of Nevada's suit and sought a stay, which Vultax reports was refused.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-06",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1343"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-13",
          "description": "Motion to stay filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1343"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-30",
          "description": "Polymarket entities file reply in support of stay motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1343"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nevada-v-polymarket"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Nevada v. Blockratize, 9th Cir. 26-1343",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-1343"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bloomberg Law: Kalshi, Polymarket fail to pause Nevada and Washington suits",
          "url": "https://news.bloomberglaw.com/ip-law/kalshi-polymarket-lose-bid-to-pause-nevada-washington-suits"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nevada-v-polymarket-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wa-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "State of Washington v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Washington v. Kalshi (King County)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "King County Superior Court, Washington",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "26-2-10264-3 SEA",
      "filed": "2026-03-27",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Washington (Attorney General Nick Brown)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Judge John McHale granted a preliminary injunction on July 20, 2026 and set its terms on Aug. 12, 2026, barring Kalshi from offering sports, election, political, entertainment and other listed contracts in Washington with geofencing deadlines of Aug. 19, 2026 and Sept. 2, 2026. The Washington AG reports the Court of Appeals denied Kalshi a stay. Kalshi's federal remand appeal (9th Cir. No. 26-3106) is reported paused.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under Washington law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "Washington alleges Kalshi's contracts meet the Gambling Act's definition of gambling and violate the Consumer Protection Act, citing marketing to 18- to 21-year-olds, and seeks restitution and penalties. Kalshi removed the suit the day it was filed, but the federal court remanded it.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-27",
          "description": "Attorney General files suit; Kalshi removes it the same day (W.D. Wash. No. 2:26-cv-01062).",
          "source_url": "https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/washington-sues-online-betting-platform-kalshi-illegal-gambling"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-05",
          "description": "Judge John C. Coughenour grants remand, effective after 14 days.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv01062/360493"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-08",
          "description": "Kalshi appeals the remand order.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv01062/360493"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-21",
          "description": "Ninth Circuit denies a stay pending appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-3106"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-20",
          "description": "Judge John McHale grants the State's preliminary-injunction motion, finding the CEA does not preempt Washington gambling law; specific terms deferred.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/washington-judge-grants-preliminary-injunction-against-kalshi-rejects-commodity-exchange-act-preemption/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-12",
          "description": "Court enters the amended injunction setting its terms: Kalshi must stop offering sports, election, political, entertainment and other listed contracts in Washington, geofence by Aug. 19, 2026 and deploy GeoComply by Sept. 2, 2026 (penalty of $120,000 per day absent a diligence showing).",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-washington-event-contracts-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-20",
          "description": "Kalshi moves for reconsideration of the amended injunction or, alternatively, of the denial of a stay.",
          "source_url": "https://komonews.com/news/local/kalshi-bet-on-anything-asks-king-county-judge-to-reconsider-washington-injunction-washington-attorney-general-prediction-market-gambling-commission"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wa-v-kalshi-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Washington AG release: Washington sues Kalshi (2026-03-27)",
          "url": "https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/washington-sues-online-betting-platform-kalshi-illegal-gambling"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Washington v. KalshiEX, W.D. Wash. 2:26-cv-01062",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv01062/360493"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Washington v. KalshiEX, 9th Cir. 26-3106",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-3106"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Washington judge grants preliminary injunction against Kalshi (2026-07-21)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/washington-judge-grants-preliminary-injunction-against-kalshi-rejects-commodity-exchange-act-preemption/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Kalshi ordered to halt most Washington event contracts (2026-08-13)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-washington-event-contracts-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Washington AG release: Judge orders Kalshi to cease numerous Washington operations (2026-08-13)",
          "url": "https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/judge-orders-kalshi-cease-numerous-washington-operations"
        },
        {
          "name": "KOMO: Kalshi asks King County judge to reconsider injunction (2026-08-21)",
          "url": "https://komonews.com/news/local/kalshi-bet-on-anything-asks-king-county-judge-to-reconsider-washington-injunction-washington-attorney-general-prediction-market-gambling-commission"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/wa-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wa-v-kalshi-9th-cir",
      "caption": "State of Washington v. KalshiEX, LLC",
      "short_name": "Washington v. Kalshi remand appeal (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-3106",
      "filed": "2026-05-14",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Washington"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Stay pending appeal denied May 21, 2026 (Nelson, Bade, Lee). Briefing was set to finish in late August 2026; Vultax reports the appeal is now paused, which the docket (retrieved July 10, 2026) does not yet show. No decision.",
      "key_question": "Whether the federal court erred in remanding Washington's enforcement suit to state court.",
      "summary": "Kalshi appealed the remand of Washington's case. A panel of Judges Nelson, Bade and Lee denied a stay, finding litigation in state court was not irreparable harm.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-14",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-3106"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-21",
          "description": "Stay pending appeal denied.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-3106"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-01",
          "description": "Briefing schedule extended: opening brief due July 23, 2026, answering brief Aug. 24, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-3106"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wa-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Washington v. KalshiEX, 9th Cir. 26-3106",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-3106"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/wa-v-kalshi-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-griffin-wdwash",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives LLC v. Griffin",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Washington (W.D. Wash.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-05311",
      "filed": "2026-03-30",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Tina Griffin, et al. (Washington officials)",
        "Nicholas W. Brown"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Judge John C. Coughenour entered a stipulated order on May 21, 2026 addressing enforcement and administratively staying the case pending a Ninth Circuit decision or other listed conditions; the parties must then confer within 10 days and file a joint status report within 20 days.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Washington gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood's derivatives arm filed a preemption suit against Washington officials days after the state sued Kalshi. The parties stipulated to pause the case and address enforcement while the Ninth Circuit ruled.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-30",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/3:2026cv05311/360534"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-21",
          "description": "Stipulated order regarding enforcement; case stayed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/3:2026cv05311/360534"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wa-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Griffin, W.D. Wash. 3:26-cv-05311",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/3:2026cv05311/360534"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Robinhood sues Washington State (2026-04-01)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/04/01/robinhood-sues-washington-state/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-griffin-wdwash"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-brown-wdwash",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. Brown",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (NADEX) v. Washington (W.D. Wash.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-02579",
      "filed": "2026-07-22",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Brown, et al. (Washington officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed July 22, 2026; no ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Washington gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. (Crypto.com's U.S. derivatives exchange, which runs the OG prediction platform) sued Washington officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. Trade press tied the filing to the state-court ruling against Kalshi days earlier.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-07-22",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=North+American+Derivatives+Exchange"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wa-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party North American Derivatives Exchange",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=North+American+Derivatives+Exchange"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Crypto.com's OG sues Washington state after Kalshi injunction (2026-07-23)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/07/23/crypto-suit-washington-state/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-brown-wdwash"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ludlow-v-brown-wdwash",
      "caption": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC v. Brown",
      "short_name": "Novig v. Washington (W.D. Wash.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-05888",
      "filed": "2026-08-06",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Novig"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Brown, et al. (Washington officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Aug. 6, 2026; assigned to Magistrate Judge Michelle L. Peterson. No TRO or PI motion or ruling found as of the docket's Aug. 17, 2026 retrieval.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Washington gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig sued Washington officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-06",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/3:2026cv05888/366865"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wa-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Ludlow Exchange v. Brown, W.D. Wash. 3:26-cv-05888",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/3:2026cv05888/366865"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ludlow-v-brown-wdwash"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-brown-wdwash",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Brown",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. Washington (W.D. Wash.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-03200",
      "filed": "2026-09-08",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Brown, et al. (Washington officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 8, 2026; no ruling found. Reassigned to Judge Zilly on Sept. 14, 2026 after a recusal (DeFi Rate).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Washington gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. sued Washington officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. It was among five state suits Underdog filed around Sept. 8, 2026, per trade press.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv03200/367989"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wa-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Brown, W.D. Wash. 2:26-cv-03200",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv03200/367989"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Underdog sues states, ditches DFS licenses (2026-09-09)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/09/underdog-sues-states-prediction-markets/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-brown-wdwash"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-williams-sdny",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Williams",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. New York (S.D.N.Y.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-08846",
      "filed": "2025-10-26",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Robert Williams, Executive Director, New York State Gaming Commission",
        "Gaming Commission members"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Judge Analisa Torres denied a preliminary injunction on July 7, 2026 and an injunction pending appeal on July 27, 2026; Kalshi's appeal (2d Cir. No. 26-1835) is pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New York gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued New York's gaming regulators to block enforcement of state gaming law against its sports contracts. The court denied preliminary relief, and Kalshi appealed the next day.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-10-24",
          "description": "New York State Gaming Commission sends Kalshi a cease-and-desist letter; the state later stipulates not to enforce it pending the PI ruling.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv08846/651836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-10-26",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv08846/651836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-07",
          "description": "Judge Analisa Torres denies Kalshi's TRO and preliminary-injunction motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-27",
          "description": "Judge Analisa Torres denies Kalshi's motion (filed July 15, 2026) for an injunction pending appeal; New York's Attorney General says the state will not seek civil penalties while the dispute is resolved.",
          "source_url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/federal-judge-denies-kalshi-emergency-injunction-request-in-new-york-july-28-2026"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-williams-2d-cir",
        "ny-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Williams, S.D.N.Y. 1:25-cv-08846",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv08846/651836"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Williams, 2d Cir. 26-1835",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Covers: federal judge denies Kalshi emergency injunction request in New York (2026-07-28)",
          "url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/federal-judge-denies-kalshi-emergency-injunction-request-in-new-york-july-28-2026"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bettors Insider: NY federal judge denies Kalshi injunction bid for second time this month (2026-07-28)",
          "url": "https://bettorsinsider.com/news/2026/07/28/ny-federal-judge-denies-kalshi-injunction-bid-for-second-time-this-month/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-williams-sdny"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-williams-2d-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Williams",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. New York (Second Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1835",
      "filed": "2026-07-08",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Robert Williams, et al. (New York State Gaming Commission)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Kalshi's brief filed Aug. 31, 2026; New York's brief due Oct. 30, 2026. To be heard in tandem with the Connecticut appeals (Nos. 26-2239, 26-2297). No argument date.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New York gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi's interlocutory appeal is the Second Circuit's first test of the preemption question. A request for an injunction pending appeal was denied on a temporary basis and referred to a panel; the CFTC filed an amicus brief supporting Kalshi.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-07-08",
          "description": "Interlocutory appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-29",
          "description": "Temporary injunction denied; motion referred to a three-judge panel.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-12",
          "description": "Kalshi and New York exchange letters about a CFTC emergency order issued Aug. 11, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-31",
          "description": "Kalshi's opening brief filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-03",
          "description": "Court orders Nos. 26-2297, 26-1835 and 26-2239 heard in tandem.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "CFTC and Paradigm file amicus briefs.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-williams-sdny",
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-2d-cir",
        "coinbase-v-tong-2d-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Williams, 2d Cir. 26-1835",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-williams-2d-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ny-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "People of the State of New York, by Letitia James v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "New York v. Kalshi (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (removed from N.Y. Supreme Court, New York County)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-06550",
      "filed": "2026-07-31",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "People of the State of New York, by Attorney General Letitia James"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed the day it was filed; New York's remand motion is fully briefed and undecided; no preliminary relief entered.",
      "key_question": "Whether New York's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether New York gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "New York's Attorney General alleges Kalshi runs unlicensed gambling, including wagers on New York college teams and by under-21 users, and seeks disgorgement and restitution. Kalshi removed the petition and accompanying TRO request to federal court the same day.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-07-31",
          "description": "Petition filed in state court and removed the same day.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv06550/669650"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08",
          "description": "In a separate federal action (United States v. State of New York), Judge Jed S. Rakoff denies the CFTC's emergency TRO request to halt New York's suit against Kalshi, without prejudice (reported Aug. 4, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/ny-judge-denies-cftc-motion-enforcement-kalshi"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-williams-sdny"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: People v. KalshiEX, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-06550",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv06550/669650"
        },
        {
          "name": "ABC7 New York: New York sues Kalshi (2026-07-31)",
          "url": "https://abc7ny.com/post/new-york-sues-kalshi-alleges-prediction-market-is-illegal-gambling/19606410/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cointelegraph: NY judge denies CFTC motion to halt enforcement action against Kalshi (2026-08-04)",
          "url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/ny-judge-denies-cftc-motion-enforcement-kalshi"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: New York blasts CFTC for 'irrelevant' emergency Kalshi order (2026-09-03)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/03/new-york-cftc-kalshi-emergency-order/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ny-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ny-v-coinbase",
      "caption": "People of the State of New York, by Letitia James v. Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc.",
      "short_name": "New York v. Coinbase (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (removed from N.Y. Supreme Court, Index No. 451604/2026)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-03300",
      "filed": "2026-04-21",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "People of the State of New York, by Attorney General Letitia James"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed April 21, 2026 and assigned to Judge Victor Marrero. New York's remand motion was fully briefed on June 8, 2026 and no ruling has been found.",
      "key_question": "Whether New York's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether New York gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "New York filed a state-court petition against Coinbase's derivatives entity over its event contracts; Coinbase removed it, and the state is seeking remand.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-21",
          "description": "Case removed to federal court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03300/662314"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-21",
          "description": "New York Attorney General files suit in state court against Coinbase (and separately Gemini).",
          "source_url": "https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/ap-top-news/2026/04/21/new-york-sues-coinbase-and-gemini-seeking-to-halt-unlicensed-prediction-market-businesses"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-23",
          "description": "Case reassigned to Judge Victor Marrero.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03300/662314"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-01",
          "description": "New York moves to remand to state court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03300/662314"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-08",
          "description": "Court defers Coinbase's request to consolidate with the Gemini case and the United States/CFTC v. New York action until it rules on remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03300/662314"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-08",
          "description": "Remand motion fully briefed (New York's reply).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03300/662314"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ny-v-gemini"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: People v. Coinbase Financial Markets, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-03300",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03300/662314"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "AP via NY1: New York sues Coinbase and Gemini (2026-04-21)",
          "url": "https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/ap-top-news/2026/04/21/new-york-sues-coinbase-and-gemini-seeking-to-halt-unlicensed-prediction-market-businesses"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ny-v-coinbase"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ny-v-gemini",
      "caption": "People of the State of New York, by Letitia James v. Gemini Titan, LLC",
      "short_name": "New York v. Gemini (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (removed from N.Y. Supreme Court, New York County, Index No. 451603/2026)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-03318",
      "filed": "2026-04-21",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Gemini"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "People of the State of New York, by Attorney General Letitia James"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Gemini Titan, LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed April 22, 2026 and reassigned to Judge Victor Marrero on April 28, 2026 as related to the Coinbase removal. New York's remand motion (filed May 1, 2026) has been fully briefed since June 8, 2026; no remand ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether New York's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether New York gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "New York's Attorney General filed a state-court petition against Gemini Titan, LLC on the same day as its Coinbase petition, alleging unlicensed gambling through event contracts and seeking disgorgement, restitution and treble-profit penalties. Gemini removed the case to federal court the next day, and the state is seeking remand.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-21",
          "description": "Attorney General files petitions against Gemini Titan and Coinbase in state court.",
          "source_url": "https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-sues-coinbase-and-gemini-running-illegal-gambling"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-22",
          "description": "Gemini Titan removes the petition to federal court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03318/662365"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-28",
          "description": "Case accepted as related to the Coinbase removal (No. 1:26-cv-03300) and reassigned to Judge Marrero.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03318/662365"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-01",
          "description": "New York moves to remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03318/662365"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-08",
          "description": "Remand briefing completed with the state's reply.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03318/662365"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ny-v-coinbase"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: People of New York v. Gemini Titan, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-03318",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03318/662365"
        },
        {
          "name": "N.Y. AG release: suits against Coinbase and Gemini (2026-04-21)",
          "url": "https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-sues-coinbase-and-gemini-running-illegal-gambling"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ny-v-gemini"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ny-v-polymarket",
      "caption": "People of the State of New York v. QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US",
      "short_name": "New York v. Polymarket US (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (removed from N.Y. Supreme Court, New York County)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-08338",
      "filed": "2026-09-24",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "People of the State of New York, by Attorney General Letitia James"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "State petition filed Sept. 24, 2026 and removed to federal court; it sits with Polymarket US's own suit before the same judge, who ordered a joint letter on Sept. 30, 2026 about a stay or status conference. No remand, stay or merits ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether New York's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether New York gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "New York's Attorney General filed a petition against Polymarket US the same day the company sued state officials in federal court. The removed petition is being handled alongside the company's case.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-24",
          "description": "Attorney General files petition in N.Y. Supreme Court, New York County.",
          "source_url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/25/polymarket-ny-state-court-lawsuit/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-24",
          "description": "Petition removed to federal court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08338/673503"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-30",
          "description": "Court orders the parties to submit a joint letter on a stay or status conference.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "polymarket-v-james-sdny"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: James v. QCX LLC, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-08338",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08338/673503"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: New York sues Polymarket in state court (2026-09-25)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/25/polymarket-ny-state-court-lawsuit/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ny-v-polymarket"
    },
    {
      "slug": "polymarket-v-james-sdny",
      "caption": "QCX LLC v. James",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. New York (S.D.N.Y.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-08345",
      "filed": "2026-09-24",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Letitia James, New York Attorney General",
        "New York State Gaming Commission members (Brian O'Dwyer, John A. Crotty, Sylvia B. Hamer, Martin J. Mack, Peter J. Moschetti, Jr., Marissa Shorenstein, Jerry Skurnik)",
        "Robert Williams"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 24, 2026. On Sept. 30, 2026 the court ordered a joint letter on a stay or status conference; no stay, PI ruling or merits ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New York gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Polymarket US asked the court to declare New York's gambling laws preempted as applied to its exchange. The case is before the same judge as the state's petition against the company.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-24",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08345/673553"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-30",
          "description": "Court orders a joint letter.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ny-v-polymarket"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX LLC v. James, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-08345",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08345/673553"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/polymarket-v-james-sdny"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-james-sdny",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. James",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (NADEX) v. New York (S.D.N.Y.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-04980",
      "filed": "2026-06-12",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Letitia James, New York Attorney General",
        "New York State Gaming Commission and its members",
        "Robert Williams"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Before Judge Lorna G. Schofield (reassigned from Judge Victor Marrero on Aug. 5, 2026) as related to United States v. New York (1:26-cv-03404). The exchange's preliminary-injunction motion (filed June 22, 2026) was opposed on July 27, 2026; the related federal PI motion was set for hearing on Sept. 14, 2026. No ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New York gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. (Crypto.com's U.S. derivatives exchange) sued New York officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts, and moved for a preliminary injunction. The case is being handled with the federal government's suit against New York.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-12",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-16",
          "description": "Accepted as related to United States v. New York (1:26-cv-03404).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-22",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-27",
          "description": "State officials oppose the PI motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-05",
          "description": "Case reassigned to Judge Schofield.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Order resets conferences to Aug. 31, 2026 and notes the Sept. 14, 2026 PI hearing in the related federal case.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-williams-sdny",
        "polymarket-v-james-sdny"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: North American Derivatives Exchange v. James, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-04980",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-031)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-james-sdny"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ludlow-v-james-sdny",
      "caption": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC v. James",
      "short_name": "Novig v. New York (S.D.N.Y.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-06676",
      "filed": "2026-08-04",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Novig"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Letitia James, New York Attorney General",
        "New York State Gaming Commission members, in their official capacities"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Aug. 4, 2026; the case was referred to Judge Analisa Torres as possibly related to Kalshi v. Williams (1:25-cv-08846). No judge assignment, PI motion or ruling shown on the docket as retrieved Aug. 11, 2026; no ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New York gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig sued New York officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-04",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv06676/669887"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-05",
          "description": "Case referred to Judge Torres as possibly related to Kalshi v. Williams.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv06676/669887"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-williams-sdny"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Ludlow Exchange v. James, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-06676",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv06676/669887"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ludlow-v-james-sdny"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-cafferelli-dconn",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Cafferelli",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Connecticut (D. Conn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:25-cv-02016",
      "filed": "2025-12-03",
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Bryan T. Cafferelli, Commissioner, Dept. of Consumer Protection",
        "Kristofer Gilman, Director of Gaming",
        "William Tong, Connecticut Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Judge Vernon D. Oliver denied the PI (signed Aug. 7, 2026, entered Aug. 10, 2026) and denied an injunction pending appeal on Aug. 15, 2026; the case is paused during the appeal.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Connecticut gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued a day after Connecticut's Department of Consumer Protection sent it a cease-and-desist letter. The state agreed not to enforce while the PI motion was pending; after argument in February 2026, the court denied relief in August.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-12-03",
          "description": "Complaint filed (cease-and-desist letter dated Dec. 2, 2025).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02016/168203"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-12-08",
          "description": "Stipulated order: no enforcement while the PI motion is pending.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02016/168203"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-11",
          "description": "PI hearing.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02016/168203"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-07",
          "description": "PI denial signed (entered Aug. 10, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-12",
          "description": "Appeal docketed (No. 26-2239).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2239"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-15",
          "description": "Injunction pending appeal denied.",
          "source_url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-2d-cir",
        "ct-v-kalshi",
        "coinbase-v-tong-dconn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Cafferelli, D. Conn. 3:25-cv-02016",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02016/168203"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Cafferelli, 2d Cir. 26-2239",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2239"
        },
        {
          "name": "FOW: federal court upholds Connecticut's authority over sports event contracts (2026-08-11)",
          "url": "https://www.fow.com/insights/federal-court-upholds-connecticuts-authority-over-sports-events-contracts"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-cafferelli-dconn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-cafferelli-2d-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Cafferelli",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Connecticut (Second Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-2239",
      "filed": "2026-08-12",
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Bryan T. Cafferelli, et al. (Connecticut officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Pending; on Sept. 3, 2026 the court ordered it heard in tandem with Nos. 26-1835 (Kalshi v. Williams, New York) and 26-2297 (Coinbase v. Tong). No argument date or ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Connecticut gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi is appealing the denial of preliminary relief against Connecticut regulators, alongside its New York appeal.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-12",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2239"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-03",
          "description": "Tandem-hearing order.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-dconn",
        "kalshi-v-williams-2d-cir",
        "coinbase-v-tong-2d-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Cafferelli, 2d Cir. 26-2239",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2239"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Williams, 2d Cir. 26-1835",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-cafferelli-2d-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "coinbase-v-tong-dconn",
      "caption": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. v. Tong",
      "short_name": "Coinbase v. Connecticut (D. Conn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:25-cv-02121",
      "filed": "2025-12-18",
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "William Tong, Connecticut Attorney General",
        "Bryan T. Cafferelli",
        "Kristofer Gilman"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Coinbase appealed a Aug. 10, 2026 district order (2d Cir. No. 26-2297).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Connecticut gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Coinbase's derivatives entity challenged Connecticut's enforcement before the same judge as Kalshi's case; PI argument was heard the same day as Kalshi's, and Coinbase appealed in August 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-12-18",
          "description": "Complaint and PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02121/168439"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-11",
          "description": "PI hearing.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02121/168439"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-17",
          "description": "Appeal docketed from a Aug. 10, 2026 order.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2297"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "coinbase-v-tong-2d-cir",
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-dconn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Tong, D. Conn. 3:25-cv-02121",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2025cv02121/168439"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Tong, 2d Cir. 26-2297",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2297"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/coinbase-v-tong-dconn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "coinbase-v-tong-2d-cir",
      "caption": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. v. Tong",
      "short_name": "Coinbase v. Connecticut (Second Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-2297",
      "filed": "2026-08-17",
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "William Tong, Connecticut Attorney General",
        "Bryan T. Cafferelli, Commissioner of Consumer Protection",
        "Kristofer Gilman, Director of Gaming"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Pending; ordered heard in tandem (Sept. 3, 2026) with Kalshi's New York (26-1835) and Connecticut (26-2239) appeals. No argument date or ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Connecticut gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Coinbase is appealing a Aug. 10, 2026 order in its Connecticut case; the Second Circuit will hear it with the two Kalshi appeals.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-17",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2297"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-03",
          "description": "Tandem-hearing order.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "coinbase-v-tong-dconn",
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-2d-cir",
        "kalshi-v-williams-2d-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Tong, 2d Cir. 26-2297",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-2297"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Williams, 2d Cir. 26-1835",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/26-1835"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/coinbase-v-tong-2d-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ct-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "State of Connecticut v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Connecticut v. Kalshi (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut (removed from Connecticut Superior Court, Hartford, HHD-CV26-6230345-S)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-01382",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Connecticut"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed Aug. 26, 2026; Connecticut's remand motion was pending and other deadlines paused as of mid-September 2026 (Vultax, latest entry Sept. 17, 2026); DeFi Rate notes the case was reassigned. No remand ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Connecticut's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Connecticut gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Connecticut sued Kalshi in Hartford Superior Court and sought a temporary injunction; Kalshi removed the case to federal court, and the state seeks to return it to state court.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-26",
          "description": "Kalshi removes the case to federal court (state complaint, summons and a pending motion for a temporary injunction attached).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv01382/172615"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-dconn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Connecticut v. KalshiEX, D. Conn. 3:26-cv-01382",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv01382/172615"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row EXP-054)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ct-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-tong-dconn",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Tong",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. Connecticut (D. Conn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-01499",
      "filed": "2026-09-15",
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC d/b/a Underdog Predict"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "William Tong, Connecticut Attorney General",
        "Bryan T. Cafferelli, Commissioner, Dept. of Consumer Protection",
        "Kristofer Gilman, Director of Gaming"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 15, 2026; no ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Connecticut gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and its affiliate UDM, LLC (Underdog Predict) sued Connecticut officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to their event contracts, attaching the cease-and-desist order Underdog Predict received. Connecticut announced cease-and-desist orders to several operators on Sept. 10, 2026 (per DeFi Rate).",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-15",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv01499/172953"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cafferelli-dconn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Tong, D. Conn. 3:26-cv-01499",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv01499/172953"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-tong-dconn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ma-v-kalshi-superior",
      "caption": "Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Massachusetts v. Kalshi (Suffolk Superior Court)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "Massachusetts Superior Court, Suffolk County",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "2584CV02525",
      "filed": "2025-09-12",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Judge Christopher Barry-Smith's preliminary injunction (Jan. 20, 2026) barring Kalshi's sports event contracts in Massachusetts without a license was stayed pending appeal by the Appeals Court on Feb. 17, 2026. The appeal was transferred to the Supreme Judicial Court (No. SJC-13906) in early March 2026 and argued on May 4, 2026; no decision found as of Oct. 21, 2026, and the stay was still described as in effect in October 2026 reporting.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under Massachusetts law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "Massachusetts alleges Kalshi offers sports wagers without a Gaming Commission license, accepts users aged 18 to 20 and lacks required responsible-gaming tools. The Superior Court denied Kalshi's motion to dismiss and granted a preliminary injunction, but the Appeals Court stayed the injunction while Kalshi appeals; the appeal is now before the Supreme Judicial Court.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-09-12",
          "description": "Attorney General files suit in Suffolk Superior Court.",
          "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/news/ag-campbell-sues-online-prediction-market-for-illegal-and-unsafe-sports-wagering-operations"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-09-16",
          "description": "Case appears on the D. Mass. docket as No. 1:25-cv-12595 (apparent removal).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=7"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-01-20",
          "description": "Attorney General announces the preliminary injunction and denial of Kalshi's motion to dismiss.",
          "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/news/ag-campbell-secures-court-order-that-will-block-kalshi-from-offering-unlawful-sports-wagers-in-massachusetts"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-17",
          "description": "Appeals Court allows Kalshi's motion for a stay pending appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://www.ingame.com/?p=44369"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03",
          "description": "Appeal transferred to the Supreme Judicial Court (SJC-13906); briefing schedule set (month only; reported March 12, 2026 as 'last week').",
          "source_url": "https://www.statehousenews.com/news/judiciary/courts/high-court-sets-timeline-in-kalshi-sports-contract-case/article_9c5ff1da-8d35-4663-81f4-19e485b4919b.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "CFTC files an amicus brief at the SJC supporting Kalshi.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9219-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-04",
          "description": "Supreme Judicial Court hears argument on Kalshi's appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-04/kalshi-grilled-by-massachusetts-high-court-over-what-gambling-is"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ma-v-kalshi-sjc"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Mass. AG release: AG Campbell sues Kalshi (2025-09-12)",
          "url": "https://www.mass.gov/news/ag-campbell-sues-online-prediction-market-for-illegal-and-unsafe-sports-wagering-operations"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mass. AG release: court order blocks Kalshi sports wagers (2026-01-20)",
          "url": "https://www.mass.gov/news/ag-campbell-secures-court-order-that-will-block-kalshi-from-offering-unlawful-sports-wagers-in-massachusetts"
        },
        {
          "name": "InGame: Kalshi gets a reprieve as Massachusetts court stays injunction (2026-02-18)",
          "url": "https://www.ingame.com/?p=44369"
        },
        {
          "name": "State House News: high court sets timeline in Kalshi case (2026-03-12)",
          "url": "https://www.statehousenews.com/news/judiciary/courts/high-court-sets-timeline-in-kalshi-sports-contract-case/article_9c5ff1da-8d35-4663-81f4-19e485b4919b.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets search listing: party KalshiEX (p. 7)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/search?parties=KalshiEX&page=7"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9219-26: CFTC amicus at Mass. SJC (2026-04-24)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9219-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Law360: Kalshi wins stay of Mass. injunction amid appeal (headline)",
          "url": "https://www.law360.co.uk/amp/articles/2442717"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-048: injunction stayed pending appeal)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bloomberg: Kalshi grilled by Massachusetts high court (2026-05-04)",
          "url": "https://bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-04/kalshi-grilled-by-massachusetts-high-court-over-what-gambling-is"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ma-v-kalshi-superior"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ma-v-kalshi-sjc",
      "caption": "Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. KalshiEx LLC",
      "short_name": "Massachusetts v. Kalshi (Supreme Judicial Court)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court",
      "court_level": "state_supreme",
      "docket": "SJC-13906",
      "filed": "2026-03",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commonwealth of Massachusetts"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Kalshi's appeal from the January 2026 preliminary injunction was transferred to the SJC in early March 2026 and argued on May 4, 2026; the injunction remains stayed under the Appeals Court's Feb. 17, 2026 order as reported. No decision found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether Massachusetts may enforce its sports-wagering licensing law against Kalshi's sports event contracts, or whether the CEA preempts it.",
      "summary": "Kalshi's challenge to the Massachusetts injunction is before the state's highest court; the CFTC filed an amicus brief arguing federal preemption, and press accounts of the May 2026 argument described the justices as skeptical of Kalshi's position.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03",
          "description": "Appeal transferred to the SJC; briefing schedule set with argument expected in May (month only).",
          "source_url": "https://www.statehousenews.com/news/judiciary/courts/high-court-sets-timeline-in-kalshi-sports-contract-case/article_9c5ff1da-8d35-4663-81f4-19e485b4919b.html"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "CFTC amicus brief filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9219-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-04",
          "description": "Oral argument.",
          "source_url": "https://bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-04/kalshi-grilled-by-massachusetts-high-court-over-what-gambling-is"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ma-v-kalshi-superior"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9219-26: CFTC amicus at Mass. SJC (2026-04-24)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9219-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bloomberg: Kalshi grilled by Massachusetts high court (2026-05-04)",
          "url": "https://bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-04/kalshi-grilled-by-massachusetts-high-court-over-what-gambling-is"
        },
        {
          "name": "State House News: high court sets timeline in Kalshi case",
          "url": "https://www.statehousenews.com/news/judiciary/courts/high-court-sets-timeline-in-kalshi-sports-contract-case/article_9c5ff1da-8d35-4663-81f4-19e485b4919b.html"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ma-v-kalshi-sjc"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-campbell-dmass",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Campbell",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Massachusetts (D. Mass.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-12578",
      "filed": "2025-09-15",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Andrea Joy Campbell, Massachusetts Attorney General",
        "Massachusetts Gaming Commission members"
      ],
      "status": "dismissed",
      "status_detail": "On March 13, 2026 Judge Richard G. Stearns denied a renewed PI and dismissed the case because Robinhood had stopped offering sports contracts through ForecastEx; Robinhood appealed (1st Cir. No. 26-1257).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Massachusetts gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Robinhood's derivatives arm sued after Massachusetts acted against Kalshi. The court first dismissed the case as unripe, reopened it on reconsideration, and then dismissed it again once Robinhood ceased the sports contracts at issue.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-09-15",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12578/288973"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-13",
          "description": "Dismissed without prejudice as unripe; PI denied as moot.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12578/288973"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-01-08",
          "description": "Reconsideration granted; case reopened.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12578/288973"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-13",
          "description": "Renewed PI denied and motion to dismiss granted; notice of appeal filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12578/288973"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-campbell-1st-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Campbell, D. Mass. 1:25-cv-12578",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12578/288973"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-campbell-dmass"
    },
    {
      "slug": "robinhood-v-campbell-1st-cir",
      "caption": "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC v. Campbell",
      "short_name": "Robinhood v. Massachusetts (First Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-1257",
      "filed": "2026-03-23",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Andrea J. Campbell, Massachusetts Attorney General",
        "Massachusetts Gaming Commission members"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Briefing stage as of the last docket check (appellant brief due May 26, 2026); no argument or decision found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the district court properly dismissed Robinhood's preemption challenge after it stopped offering sports contracts, and whether the CEA preempts Massachusetts law.",
      "summary": "Robinhood appealed the dismissal of its Massachusetts suit; numerous tribes and tribal gaming groups appear as interested parties.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-23",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca1/26-1257"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-13",
          "description": "Briefing schedule set.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca1/26-1257"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "robinhood-v-campbell-dmass"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Robinhood Derivatives v. Campbell, 1st Cir. 26-1257",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca1/26-1257"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/robinhood-v-campbell-1st-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "polymarket-v-campbell-dmass",
      "caption": "QCX LLC v. Campbell",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. Massachusetts (D. Mass.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-10651",
      "filed": "2026-02-09",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Andrea Joy Campbell, Massachusetts Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Administratively closed: on March 5, 2026 Judge William G. Young granted a joint motion to stay the case until Kalshi exhausts its state appellate rights in Massachusetts v. Kalshi; the Gaming Commission members were dismissed without prejudice by the same stipulation. The case may be reopened under the stipulation.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Massachusetts gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US sued Massachusetts officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. By agreement, the case is on hold until Kalshi's state-court appeal concludes.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-02-09",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv10651/295629"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-04",
          "description": "Joint motion to stay and stipulated dismissal of the Gaming Commission members without prejudice.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv10651/295629"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-05",
          "description": "Stay granted; case administratively closed pending Kalshi's state appeals.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv10651/295629"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ma-v-kalshi-superior"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX LLC v. Campbell, D. Mass. 1:26-cv-10651",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv10651/295629"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bloomberg Government: Massachusetts Polymarket case paused as Kalshi appeals ban (headline)",
          "url": "https://news.bgov.com/states-of-play/massachusetts-polymarket-case-paused-as-kalshi-appeals-ban"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/polymarket-v-campbell-dmass"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ludlow-v-campbell-dmass",
      "caption": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC v. Campbell",
      "short_name": "Novig v. Massachusetts (D. Mass.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-13615",
      "filed": "2026-08-06",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Novig"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Andrea Joy Campbell, Massachusetts Attorney General",
        "Massachusetts Gaming Commission members (Jordan Maynard, Eileen O'Brien, Bradford R. Hill, Nakisha Skinner, Paul Brodeur) and Dean Serpa"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Aug. 6, 2026 before Judge F. Dennis Saylor IV; no PI motion or ruling found (docket retrieved Aug. 7, 2026; DeFi Rate Oct. 2026 lists the case as active).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Massachusetts gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig sued Massachusetts officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-06",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv13615/304592"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ma-v-kalshi-superior"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Ludlow Exchange v. Campbell, D. Mass. 1:26-cv-13615",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv13615/304592"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ludlow-v-campbell-dmass"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-campbell-dmass",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Campbell",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. Massachusetts (D. Mass.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-14098",
      "filed": "2026-09-08",
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC d/b/a Underdog Predict"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Andrea Joy Campbell, Massachusetts Attorney General",
        "Massachusetts Gaming Commission members (Jordan Maynard, Eileen O'Brien, Bradford R. Hill, Nakisha Skinner, Paul Brodeur) and Dean Serpa"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 8, 2026 before Judge F. Dennis Saylor IV; no PI motion or ruling found (docket retrieved Sept. 8, 2026; DeFi Rate Oct. 2026 lists no relief granted).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Massachusetts gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and its affiliate UDM, LLC (Underdog Predict) sued Massachusetts officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to their event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv14098/305956"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ma-v-kalshi-superior"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Campbell, D. Mass. 1:26-cv-14098",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2026cv14098/305956"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-campbell-dmass"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ky-v-polymarket",
      "caption": "Commonwealth of Kentucky v. QCX LLC",
      "short_name": "Kentucky v. Polymarket US (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky (removed from Franklin Circuit Court, No. 26-CI-696)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00047",
      "filed": "2026-06-17",
      "states": [
        "KY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commonwealth of Kentucky"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US",
        "Blockratize Inc.",
        "QC Clearing LLC",
        "QC Tech LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "On Oct. 14, 2026 Magistrate Judge Edward B. Atkins recommended granting Kentucky's motion to remand to Franklin Circuit Court (the motion was referred to him on Oct. 1, 2026). District Judge Claria Horn Boom had not ruled on the recommendation as of Oct. 21, 2026; objections were due within 14 days of service.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kentucky's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Kentucky gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Kentucky's Attorney General sued Polymarket entities in Franklin Circuit Court under the state Consumer Protection Act, Loss Recovery Act and gambling-device law; the companies removed the case the next day. A magistrate judge has recommended returning it to state court.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-17",
          "description": "Kentucky files suit in Franklin Circuit Court.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.net/federal-magistrate-recommends-remand-of-kentucky-polymarket-suit/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-18",
          "description": "Case removed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00047/112705"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-15",
          "description": "Case referred to Magistrate Judge Atkins for pretrial management.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00047/112705"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-20",
          "description": "Kentucky moves to remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00047/112705"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Defendants oppose remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00047/112705"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-01",
          "description": "Judge Boom refers the remand motion to Magistrate Judge Atkins.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.net/federal-magistrate-recommends-remand-of-kentucky-polymarket-suit/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-14",
          "description": "Magistrate judge recommends remand to state court.",
          "source_url": "https://www.gaming.net/federal-magistrate-recommends-remand-of-kentucky-polymarket-suit/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ky-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Commonwealth of Kentucky v. QCX LLC, E.D. Ky. 3:26-cv-00047",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00047/112705"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9260-26: CFTC sues Kentucky (2026-06-23)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9260-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gaming.net: federal magistrate recommends remand of Kentucky Polymarket suit",
          "url": "https://www.gaming.net/federal-magistrate-recommends-remand-of-kentucky-polymarket-suit/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ky-v-polymarket"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ky-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase",
      "caption": "Commonwealth of Kentucky v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Kentucky v. Kalshi, Robinhood, Coinbase and Webull (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky (removed from Franklin Circuit Court, No. 26-CI-689)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00048",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "KY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Coinbase",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commonwealth of Kentucky"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC and affiliates",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives LLC",
        "Webull Corporation",
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed June 19, 2026 (Judge Robert E. Wier); DeFi Rate lists the case as pending as of October 2026. No remand ruling or other substantive order found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kentucky's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Kentucky gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Kentucky's second state-court enforcement suit targets Kalshi, Robinhood, Webull and Coinbase entities. The Kalshi defendants removed it with consent from Robinhood and Coinbase.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-19",
          "description": "Case removed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00048/112712"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ky-v-polymarket"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Commonwealth of Kentucky v. KalshiEX, E.D. Ky. 3:26-cv-00048",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00048/112712"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9260-26: CFTC sues Kentucky (2026-06-23)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9260-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ky-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wi-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase",
      "caption": "State of Wisconsin v. Kalshi, Inc.",
      "short_name": "Wisconsin v. Kalshi, Robinhood and Coinbase (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin (removed from Dane County Circuit Court, No. 26-CV-1284)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00378",
      "filed": "2026-04",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Wisconsin"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi, Inc. and affiliates",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC",
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Remand (filed May 14, 2026), transfer (filed May 19, 2026) and preliminary-injunction (filed June 9, 2026) motions were pending as of late September 2026; no ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Wisconsin's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Wisconsin gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Wisconsin sued several exchanges in Dane County alleging felony gambling violations. The Kalshi defendants removed the case, and the state is seeking both remand and a preliminary injunction.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "Case removed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00378/56506"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-14",
          "description": "Wisconsin moves to remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00378/56506"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-19",
          "description": "Robinhood moves to transfer to the E.D. Wis.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00378/56506"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-09",
          "description": "Wisconsin moves for a preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00378/56506"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wi-v-polymarket",
        "wi-v-nadex"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Wisconsin v. Kalshi Inc., W.D. Wis. 3:26-cv-00378",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00378/56506"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9220-26: CFTC sues Wisconsin (2026-04-28)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9220-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/wi-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wi-v-polymarket",
      "caption": "State of Wisconsin v. QCX, LLC",
      "short_name": "Wisconsin v. Polymarket (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin (removed from Dane County Circuit Court, No. 2026CV001285)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00375",
      "filed": "2026-04",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket",
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Wisconsin"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "QCX, LLC d/b/a Polymarket US",
        "Blockratize, Inc. d/b/a Polymarket (dismissal stipulated 2026-06-10)",
        "QC Clearing, LLC (dismissal stipulated 2026-06-10)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed April 24, 2026; remand and transfer motions pending as of late September 2026; no ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Wisconsin's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Wisconsin gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Wisconsin's Dane County suit against Polymarket entities was removed to federal court, where motions to remand and transfer await decision.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "Case removed by QCX.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00375/56502"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-11",
          "description": "Magistrate judge denies a stay pending the remand ruling.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00375/56502"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-14",
          "description": "Wisconsin moves to remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00375/56502"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-10",
          "description": "Stipulated dismissal of Blockratize and QC Clearing without prejudice.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00375/56502"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-11",
          "description": "QCX moves to transfer to the E.D. Wis.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00375/56502"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wi-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase",
        "wi-v-nadex"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Wisconsin v. QCX, W.D. Wis. 3:26-cv-00375",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00375/56502"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/wi-v-polymarket"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wi-v-nadex",
      "caption": "State of Wisconsin v. Foris Dax Markets, Inc.",
      "short_name": "Wisconsin v. Crypto.com (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin (removed from Dane County Circuit Court, No. 2026CV001286)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00381",
      "filed": "2026-04",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Wisconsin"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. d/b/a Crypto.com | Derivatives North America"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed April 24, 2026. The magistrate judge denied a stay pending the remand ruling on May 11, 2026; Wisconsin's remand motion (May 14, 2026) and the defendant's conditional cross-motion to stay pending appeal (June 15, 2026) were pending as far as verified; no ruling found as of October 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether Wisconsin's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Wisconsin gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Wisconsin's suit against Crypto.com's derivatives exchange was removed; Foris Dax Markets was dropped by stipulation in June 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "Case removed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00381/56510"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-14",
          "description": "Wisconsin moves to remand.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00381/56510"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-12",
          "description": "Foris Dax Markets dismissed without prejudice by stipulation.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00381/56510"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wi-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase",
        "wi-v-polymarket"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Wisconsin v. Foris Dax Markets, W.D. Wis. 3:26-cv-00381",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00381/56510"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/wi-v-nadex"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ludlow-v-kaul-wdwis",
      "caption": "Ludlow Exchange LLC v. Kaul",
      "short_name": "Novig v. Wisconsin (W.D. Wis.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00761",
      "filed": "2026-08-14",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Novig"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ludlow Exchange LLC d/b/a Novig"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Joshua L. Kaul, Wisconsin Attorney General",
        "John Dillett"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Aug. 14, 2026; no PI motion or ruling found (docket retrieved Aug. 14, 2026; DeFi Rate Oct. 2026 lists the case as active).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Wisconsin gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Ludlow Exchange LLC d/b/a Novig sued Wisconsin officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-14",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00761/57134"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wi-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Ludlow Exchange v. Kaul, W.D. Wis. 3:26-cv-00761",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00761/57134"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ludlow-v-kaul-wdwis"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-kaul-wdwis",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Kaul",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. Wisconsin (W.D. Wis.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00858",
      "filed": "2026-09-08",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC d/b/a Underdog Predict"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Joshua L. Kaul, Wisconsin Attorney General",
        "John Dillett"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 8, 2026; assigned to Judge William M. Conley as related to the state's removed suits (3:26-cv-00375, -00378, -00381). No PI motion or ruling found (docket retrieved Sept. 8, 2026; DeFi Rate Oct. 2026 lists no relief granted).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Wisconsin gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and its affiliate UDM, LLC (Underdog Predict) sued Wisconsin officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to their event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00858/57307"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "wi-v-kalshi-robinhood-coinbase",
        "wi-v-polymarket",
        "wi-v-nadex"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Kaul, W.D. Wis. 3:26-cv-00858",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2026cv00858/57307"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-kaul-wdwis"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-ellison-dminn",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Ellison",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Minnesota (D. Minn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "0:26-cv-02778",
      "filed": "2026-05-27",
      "states": [
        "MN"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Keith Ellison, Minnesota Attorney General",
        "Tim Walz, Governor",
        "Jon Anglin, Director, Minnesota Alcohol and Gambling Enforcement Division"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Judge Katherine M. Menendez granted preliminary injunctions on July 27, 2026 in this case and the related federal and Polymarket US cases; Minnesota may not enforce its new prediction-market ban against the plaintiffs while the cases proceed. No appeal by Minnesota found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Minnesota's 2026 law making it a felony to host or advertise prediction markets in the state, as applied to CFTC-registered exchanges.",
      "summary": "Kalshi challenged Minnesota's first-of-its-kind prediction-market ban, set to take effect days after the ruling. After a consolidated July 2, 2026 argument, the court issued a 44-page ruling enjoining enforcement, finding the plaintiffs likely to prevail at least in part.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-27",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02778/234157"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-01",
          "description": "PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02778/234157"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-02",
          "description": "Consolidated PI argument.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02778/234157"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-27",
          "description": "Preliminary injunction granted.",
          "source_url": "https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/07/27/minnesota-ban-on-kalshi-polymarket-prediction-markets-put-on-hold-by-federal-judge"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "polymarket-v-ellison-dminn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Ellison, D. Minn. 0:26-cv-02778",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02778/234157"
        },
        {
          "name": "MPR News: Minnesota ban put on hold by federal judge (2026-07-27)",
          "url": "https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/07/27/minnesota-ban-on-kalshi-polymarket-prediction-markets-put-on-hold-by-federal-judge"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "ABC News: federal government sues Minnesota over ban (2026-05-20)",
          "url": "https://abcnews.com/US/federal-government-sues-minnesota-prediction-market-ban/story?id=133151891"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-ellison-dminn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "polymarket-v-ellison-dminn",
      "caption": "QCX LLC v. Ellison",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. Minnesota (D. Minn.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "0:26-cv-02841",
      "filed": "2026-06-03",
      "states": [
        "MN"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Keith Ellison, Minnesota Attorney General",
        "Tim Walz, Governor",
        "Jon Anglin, Director, Minnesota Alcohol and Gambling Enforcement Division"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Judge Katherine M. Menendez granted Polymarket US's preliminary-injunction motion on July 27, 2026 in a joint order with the Kalshi and federal-government cases. No appeal by Minnesota found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Minnesota's 2026 prediction-market ban as applied to Polymarket US.",
      "summary": "Polymarket US joined the challenge to Minnesota's ban and was covered by the same July 2026 injunction ruling.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-03",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02841/234259"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-27",
          "description": "Preliminary injunction granted (joint order docketed in lead case 0:26-cv-02661).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02841/234259"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-ellison-dminn"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX LLC v. Ellison, D. Minn. 0:26-cv-02841",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02841/234259"
        },
        {
          "name": "MPR News: Minnesota ban put on hold by federal judge (2026-07-27)",
          "url": "https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/07/27/minnesota-ban-on-kalshi-polymarket-prediction-markets-put-on-hold-by-federal-judge"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/polymarket-v-ellison-dminn"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-johnson-dariz",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Johnson",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Arizona (D. Ariz., consolidated with U.S. v. Arizona)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-01715",
      "filed": "2026-03-12",
      "states": [
        "AZ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "United States (consolidated)",
        "CFTC (consolidated)",
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. (intervenor)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Jackie Johnson",
        "Kristin K. Mayes, Arizona Attorney General",
        "Austin C. Yost",
        "State of Arizona"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Judge Michael T. Liburdi denied Kalshi's own PI motion (April 8, 2026) but granted the United States and CFTC a PI (May 5, 2026) barring Arizona's enforcement against CFTC-regulated exchanges, including the criminal case. Cross-appeals are stayed at the Ninth Circuit.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Arizona gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued Arizona days before the state disclosed a criminal indictment against it. The federal government's suit was consolidated into this case in April 2026, and Crypto.com's exchange intervened. The court issued a TRO and then a preliminary injunction for the federal plaintiffs, concluding they were likely to succeed in showing Arizona's gambling laws are preempted as applied to CFTC-regulated exchanges.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-12",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-16",
          "description": "Kalshi seeks TRO/PI; defendants disclose a state criminal indictment.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-02",
          "description": "Consolidated with United States v. Arizona (No. 2:26-cv-02246).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-08",
          "description": "Kalshi's PI and TRO motions denied.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-10",
          "description": "TRO granted for the United States and CFTC.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9211-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-22",
          "description": "Crypto.com's exchange allowed to intervene.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-05",
          "description": "PI granted for the United States and CFTC; TRO dissolved.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-08",
          "description": "Kalshi appeals the denial of its own motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-05",
          "description": "The district court issued a preliminary-injunction order (scope and beneficiaries not verified).",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-04",
          "description": "Arizona asked the Ninth Circuit (No. 26-4281) to summarily vacate the preliminary injunction as to sports contracts; it renewed the request on Sept. 14, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-johnson-9th-cir",
        "cftc-v-johnson-9th-cir",
        "az-v-kalshi-criminal"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Johnson, D. Ariz. 2:26-cv-01715",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9208-26: CFTC seeks to enjoin Arizona enforcement (2026-04-09)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9208-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9211-26: TRO blocks Arizona criminal enforcement (2026-04-10)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9211-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Arizona Mirror: criminal case against Kalshi blocked by federal judge (2026-05-05)",
          "url": "https://azmirror.com/briefs/arizonas-criminal-case-against-kalshi-permanently-blocked-by-federal-judge/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-johnson-dariz"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-johnson-9th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX, LLC v. Johnson",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Arizona (Ninth Circuit, Kalshi's appeal)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-2978",
      "filed": "2026-05-11",
      "states": [
        "AZ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Jackie Johnson",
        "Kristin Mayes, Arizona Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Stayed since June 4, 2026 pending issuance of the mandates in the consolidated Nevada appeals (Nos. 25-7187, 25-7516, 25-7831). No later docket activity found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Arizona gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi appealed the denial of its own preliminary-injunction motion in Arizona; on Kalshi's unopposed motion, the appeal is paused until the Nevada appeals conclude.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-11",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-2978"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-04",
          "description": "Unopposed stay granted pending the Nevada mandates.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-2978"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-johnson-dariz",
        "cftc-v-johnson-9th-cir",
        "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Johnson, 9th Cir. 26-2978",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-2978"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-johnson-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cftc-v-johnson-9th-cir",
      "caption": "Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Johnson",
      "short_name": "Arizona's appeal of the federal injunction (Ninth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-4281",
      "filed": "2026-07-06",
      "states": [
        "AZ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission",
        "United States",
        "KalshiEX, LLC",
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. (intervenor)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Jackie Johnson",
        "Kris Mayes, Arizona Attorney General",
        "State of Arizona"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Arizona's appeal of the May 5, 2026 injunction was stayed on July 21, 2026 pending the Nevada appeals. After the Ninth Circuit's Aug. 28, 2026 Nevada ruling, Arizona filed a status report (Sept. 4, 2026) and on Sept. 14, 2026 asked the court to summarily vacate the injunction as it applies to sports contracts. No ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the preliminary injunction barring Arizona from enforcing its gambling laws against CFTC-regulated exchanges should be vacated in light of Kalshi v. Assad.",
      "summary": "Arizona officials appealed the injunction won by the United States and CFTC in the consolidated Kalshi case. Since the Ninth Circuit's Aug. 28, 2026 ruling for Nevada, Arizona has argued the injunction cannot stand; Kalshi and Crypto.com's exchange have appeared to defend it.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-07-06",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-4281"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-21",
          "description": "Proceedings stayed pending the Nevada appeals.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-4281"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-04",
          "description": "Arizona files a status report.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-4281"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-14",
          "description": "Arizona asks the Ninth Circuit to summarily vacate the injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-johnson-dariz",
        "kalshi-v-johnson-9th-cir",
        "kalshi-v-assad-9th-cir",
        "az-v-kalshi-criminal"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: CFTC v. Johnson, 9th Cir. 26-4281",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-4281"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/cftc-v-johnson-9th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "az-v-kalshi-criminal",
      "caption": "State of Arizona v. Kalshi (criminal prosecution)",
      "short_name": "Arizona criminal case against Kalshi",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "Arizona state court (not identified in sources reviewed)",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": null,
      "filed": "2026-03",
      "states": [
        "AZ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Arizona (Attorney General Kris Mayes)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi entities"
      ],
      "status": "charged",
      "status_detail": "Charges filed in March 2026; the federal TRO (April 10, 2026) and preliminary injunction (May 5, 2026) bar Arizona from pursuing the prosecution. Arizona Mirror reported in late September that the Attorney General is seeking to revive it.",
      "key_question": "Whether Arizona may criminally prosecute a CFTC-registered exchange under state gambling law for offering event contracts.",
      "summary": "Arizona brought 20 misdemeanor counts against Kalshi, alleging an unlicensed wagering business and bets on Arizona elections. A federal court, acting on the United States and CFTC's suit, blocked the prosecution.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-16",
          "description": "Indictment disclosed in Kalshi's federal case.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-10",
          "description": "Federal TRO bars Arizona from pursuing criminal charges against CFTC-regulated exchanges.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9211-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-05",
          "description": "Federal preliminary injunction continues the bar.",
          "source_url": "https://azmirror.com/briefs/arizonas-criminal-case-against-kalshi-permanently-blocked-by-federal-judge/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-johnson-dariz",
        "cftc-v-johnson-9th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Arizona Mirror: criminal case against Kalshi blocked by federal judge (2026-05-05)",
          "url": "https://azmirror.com/briefs/arizonas-criminal-case-against-kalshi-permanently-blocked-by-federal-judge/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Johnson, D. Ariz. 2:26-cv-01715",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9211-26: TRO blocks Arizona criminal enforcement (2026-04-10)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9211-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DLA Piper alert: Legal status at odds (Sept. 2026)",
          "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2026/09/legal-status-at-odds-tracking-developments-in-prediction-markets-and-sports-betting"
        },
        {
          "name": "Wikipedia: Kalshi (secondary; used only for flagged items)",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalshi"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/az-v-kalshi-criminal"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-bird-sdiowa",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Bird",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Iowa (S.D. Iowa)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "4:26-cv-00109",
      "filed": "2026-03-11",
      "states": [
        "IA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Brenna Bird, Iowa Attorney General",
        "Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission and its administrator and members"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "Judge Stephen H. Locher denied Kalshi's motion for a preliminary injunction on Sept. 8, 2026, finding Kalshi unlikely to succeed on its preemption claim; Kalshi filed a notice of interlocutory appeal on Sept. 15, 2026 (8th Cir. No. 26-2874).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Iowa gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued Iowa officials to block enforcement of state gambling law against its sports contracts. After briefing that ran through July 2026, the court denied preliminary relief in September and Kalshi appealed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-03-11",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/iowa/iasdce/4:2026cv00109/93765"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Judge Locher denies the preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://courthousenews.com/federal-judge-squashes-kalshi-bid-to-block-prediction-market-regulation-by-iowa/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-15",
          "description": "Notice of interlocutory appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca8/26-2874"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-bird-8th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Bird, S.D. Iowa 4:26-cv-00109",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/iowa/iasdce/4:2026cv00109/93765"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Bird, 8th Cir. 26-2874",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca8/26-2874"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SCCG: Iowa federal court denies Kalshi injunction (2026-09-09)",
          "url": "https://sccgmanagement.com/sccg-articles/2026/09/09/iowa-federal-court-denies-kalshi-injunction-against-gambling-law-enforcement/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Courthouse News: federal judge rejects Kalshi bid to block Iowa regulation",
          "url": "https://courthousenews.com/federal-judge-squashes-kalshi-bid-to-block-prediction-market-regulation-by-iowa/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-bird-sdiowa"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-bird-8th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEX, LLC v. Bird",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Iowa (Eighth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-2874",
      "filed": "2026-09-17",
      "states": [
        "IA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Brenna Bird, Iowa Attorney General",
        "Iowa Racing & Gaming Commission and its officials"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Briefing stage: transcript due Oct. 27, 2026; Kalshi's opening brief and appendix due Nov. 6, 2026; appellees' brief due 30 days later. No motions or rulings listed.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Iowa gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi's Eighth Circuit appeal from Judge Locher's denial of a preliminary injunction against Iowa officials.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-17",
          "description": "Appeal docketed; briefing schedule set.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca8/26-2874"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-bird-sdiowa"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Bird, 8th Cir. 26-2874",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca8/26-2874"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-bird-8th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-knudsen-dmont",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Knudsen",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Montana (D. Mont.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Montana",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "6:26-cv-00028",
      "filed": "2026-04-12",
      "states": [
        "MT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General",
        "Montana Gambling Control Division",
        "Alex Sterhan",
        "Tony Harbaugh",
        "Jon Metropoulos",
        "Steve Morris",
        "Leo Prigge",
        "Janna Taylor"
      ],
      "status": "dismissed",
      "status_detail": "Dismissed: the parties filed a joint stipulation in mid-September 2026 and the court entered a dismissal order on Sept. 21, 2026 (Doc. 36). Under the stipulation as reported, the regulator defendants agreed not to bring or refer enforcement against Kalshi's DCM-listed event contracts until the Ninth Circuit's en banc process in Kalshi v. Assad ends, while the Attorney General kept independent enforcement authority; Kalshi dismissed the regulator defendants with prejudice.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Montana gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued Montana officials after the state's gambling regulators sent cease-and-desist letters. The parties stipulated to dismissal in September 2026 under terms tied to the outcome of further review in the Ninth Circuit's Nevada case, Kalshi v. Assad.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-12",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/montana/mtdce/6:2026cv00028/84609"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-22",
          "description": "Case deadlines stayed on the parties' stipulated motion while they negotiate.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/montana/mtdce/6:2026cv00028/84609"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-01",
          "description": "Case reassigned to Judge Donald W. Molloy.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/montana/mtdce/6:2026cv00028/84609"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-17",
          "description": "Joint stipulation of dismissal filed (date inferred from DeFi Rate's Sept. 18, 2026 report of a Thursday filing).",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-dismissal-lawsuit-montana-allowance-ninth-circuit/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-21",
          "description": "Order dismissing the case by stipulation.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Knudsen, D. Mont. 6:26-cv-00028",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/montana/mtdce/6:2026cv00028/84609"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: Kalshi 'settles' lawsuit against Montana AG with allowance for Ninth Circuit opinion",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/kalshi-dismissal-lawsuit-montana-allowance-ninth-circuit/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-knudsen-dmont"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-cox-dutah",
      "caption": "KalshiEx LLC v. Cox",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Utah (D. Utah)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Utah",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-00151",
      "filed": "2026-02-23",
      "states": [
        "UT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Spencer J. Cox, Governor of Utah",
        "Derek Brown, Utah Attorney General",
        "Daniel Burton",
        "Stewart Young",
        "Douglas Crapo"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "On Aug. 4, 2026 Judge Robert J. Shelby granted summary judgment to Utah, holding that Utah's anti-gambling laws apply to Kalshi's sports event contracts and are not preempted by federal commodities law; Kalshi appealed to the Tenth Circuit (No. 26-4100), which denied an injunction pending appeal on Sept. 8, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Utah gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued after Utah's HB 243 added proposition bets to the state's gambling definition. The court entered summary judgment for Utah, and Kalshi appealed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-02-23",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/utah/utdce/2:2026cv00151/162647"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-25",
          "description": "PI/TRO motion filed; TRO request withdrawn.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/utah/utdce/2:2026cv00151/162647"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-04",
          "description": "Summary judgment granted to Utah.",
          "source_url": "https://kutv.com/news/local/federal-judge-upholds-utahs-gambling-ban-in-kalshi-lawsuit"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-05",
          "description": "Appeal docketed in the Tenth Circuit.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca10/26-4100"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cox-10th-cir",
        "utah-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Cox, D. Utah 2:26-cv-00151",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/utah/utdce/2:2026cv00151/162647"
        },
        {
          "name": "KPCW: Utah sues Kalshi (2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://www.kpcw.org/state-regional/2026-10-21/utah-sues-prediction-market-site-kalshi-over-illegal-wagers"
        },
        {
          "name": "Deseret News: Utah files lawsuit against Kalshi (2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/10/20/utah-sues-kalshi-prediction-market-sports-betting-online-gambling/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Cox, 10th Cir. 26-4100",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca10/26-4100"
        },
        {
          "name": "KUTV: federal judge upholds Utah's gambling ban in Kalshi lawsuit",
          "url": "https://kutv.com/news/local/federal-judge-upholds-utahs-gambling-ban-in-kalshi-lawsuit"
        },
        {
          "name": "The Lines: federal judge rejects Kalshi lawsuit in Utah",
          "url": "https://www.thelines.com/prediction-markets/industry-news/federal-judge-rejects-kalshi-lawsuit-in-utah/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-cox-dutah"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-cox-10th-cir",
      "caption": "KalshiEx v. Cox",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Utah (Tenth Circuit)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-4100",
      "filed": "2026-08-05",
      "states": [
        "UT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEx LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Spencer J. Cox, Governor",
        "Derek Brown, Attorney General",
        "Daniel Burton",
        "Stewart Young",
        "Douglas Crapo"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "The Tenth Circuit denied Kalshi's emergency motion for an injunction pending appeal on Sept. 8, 2026; the appeal remains pending with no merits ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Utah gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi's Tenth Circuit appeal from the summary judgment for Utah is the first in that circuit on the preemption question; Kalshi says it is unaffected by Utah's new state-court suit.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-05",
          "description": "Appeal docketed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca10/26-4100"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Tenth Circuit denies Kalshi's emergency motion for an injunction pending appeal.",
          "source_url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/08/kalshi-denied-tenth-circuit-appeal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cox-dutah",
        "utah-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Cox, 10th Cir. 26-4100",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca10/26-4100"
        },
        {
          "name": "KPCW: Utah sues Kalshi (2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://www.kpcw.org/state-regional/2026-10-21/utah-sues-prediction-market-site-kalshi-over-illegal-wagers"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: Kalshi denied Tenth Circuit injunction (2026-09-08)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/08/kalshi-denied-tenth-circuit-appeal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Action Network: Tenth Circuit denies Kalshi emergency injunction",
          "url": "https://www.actionnetwork.com/news/kalshi-utah-10th-circuit-denies-emergency-injunction"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-cox-10th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "utah-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Derek Brown v. Kalshi Inc.",
      "short_name": "Utah v. Kalshi (Salt Lake County)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "Utah Third Judicial District Court, Salt Lake County",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": null,
      "filed": "2026-10-20",
      "states": [
        "UT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Utah, by Attorney General Derek Brown"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX",
        "Kalshi Klear",
        "Kalshi Trading",
        "Susquehanna International Group",
        "Susquehanna Government Products"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct. 20, 2026; no ruling or removal reported.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under Utah law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "Utah's 63-page complaint alleges that Kalshi's sports, election and cultural contracts are gambling barred by the state constitution and a public nuisance. It asks for geolocation blocking, disgorgement and restitution, and estimates Kalshi took in roughly $30 million to $61 million from Utah accounts; market maker Susquehanna is also a defendant.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-20",
          "description": "Attorney General files suit.",
          "source_url": "https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/10/20/utah-sues-kalshi-prediction-market-sports-betting-online-gambling/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-cox-dutah",
        "kalshi-v-cox-10th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Deseret News: Utah files lawsuit against Kalshi (2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/10/20/utah-sues-kalshi-prediction-market-sports-betting-online-gambling/"
        },
        {
          "name": "KPCW: Utah sues Kalshi (2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://www.kpcw.org/state-regional/2026-10-21/utah-sues-prediction-market-site-kalshi-over-illegal-wagers"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/utah-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nadex-v-hanaway-wdmo",
      "caption": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. v. Hanaway",
      "short_name": "Crypto.com (OG) v. Missouri (W.D. Mo.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "4:26-cv-00969",
      "filed": "2026-10-16",
      "states": [
        "MO"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. d/b/a OG.com Prediction Markets"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Catherine L. Hanaway, Missouri Attorney General",
        "Michael A. Leara",
        "Jan M. Zimmerman",
        "Kevin M. Spaulding",
        "Kevin Cantwell",
        "Sam Gladney",
        "Roger Stottlemyre"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct. 16, 2026 before Judge Greg Kays; only opening filings (pro hac vice motions, mediation-program notice) docketed. No ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Missouri gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. (OG.com) sued Missouri officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. It followed Missouri Attorney General cease-and-desist letters sent to six operators on Sept. 16, 2026 and Sept. 17, 2026 (per DeFi Rate).",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-16",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/missouri/mowdce/4:2026cv00969/196376"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "novig-v-hanaway-edmo"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: North American Derivatives Exchange v. Hanaway, W.D. Mo. 4:26-cv-00969",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/missouri/mowdce/4:2026cv00969/196376"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nadex-v-hanaway-wdmo"
    },
    {
      "slug": "novig-v-hanaway-edmo",
      "caption": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC v. Hanaway",
      "short_name": "Novig v. Missouri (E.D. Mo.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "4:26-cv-01780",
      "filed": "2026-10-16",
      "states": [
        "MO"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Novig"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Hanaway, et al. (Missouri officials)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct. 16, 2026; no ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Missouri gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig sued Missouri officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. It followed Missouri Attorney General cease-and-desist letters sent to six operators on Sept. 16, 2026 and Sept. 17, 2026 (per DeFi Rate).",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-16",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nadex-v-hanaway-wdmo"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/novig-v-hanaway-edmo"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-furcolo-dri",
      "caption": "KalshiEx LLC v. Furcolo",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Rhode Island (D.R.I.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-00327",
      "filed": "2026-05-21",
      "states": [
        "RI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "United States (intervenor)",
        "CFTC (intervenor)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Mark Furcolo, Director, Division of State Lottery",
        "Peter F. Neronha, Rhode Island Attorney General",
        "Christina Tobiasz, Gaming & Athletics Administrator"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "PI motions by Kalshi and the federal intervenors were argued Aug. 3, 2026 before Judge Mary S. McElroy and remain under advisement; Rhode Island has cited Kalshi v. Assad as supplemental authority; no ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026 (DeFi Rate Oct. 2026 lists the PI motions as still under advisement).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Rhode Island gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued after Rhode Island threatened enforcement; the state filed its own suit the next day, and the cases were consolidated. The United States and CFTC intervened on Kalshi's side, while tribal groups filed as amici supporting the state. The state agreed to take no further enforcement action while the motions are decided.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-21",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-26",
          "description": "Conference: TRO motion treated as PI motion; state agrees to pause further enforcement.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-28",
          "description": "United States and CFTC move to intervene.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9238-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-22",
          "description": "Consolidated with the state's removed enforcement case (No. 1:26-cv-00333).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-26",
          "description": "Intervention granted.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-03",
          "description": "PI hearing.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ri-v-kalshi-polymarket"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Furcolo, D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00327",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9238-26: CFTC moves to block Rhode Island enforcement (2026-05-28)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9238-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (rows CUR-038, CUR-041)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-furcolo-dri"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ri-v-kalshi-polymarket",
      "caption": "The State of Rhode Island v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "Rhode Island v. Kalshi and Polymarket US (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island (removed from Providence County Superior Court, PC-2026-02753)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-00333",
      "filed": "2026-05-22",
      "states": [
        "RI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of Rhode Island, by Attorney General Peter F. Neronha"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed May 22, 2026 by Polymarket US with Kalshi's consent and consolidated into Kalshi's case (No. 1:26-cv-00327) on June 22, 2026 before Judge Mary S. McElroy. PI motions (including Polymarket US's, filed June 9, 2026) were argued Aug. 3, 2026; no ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026 (DeFi Rate lists them under advisement).",
      "key_question": "Whether Rhode Island's enforcement suit belongs in federal or state court, and whether Rhode Island gambling law can be applied to the operator's event contracts.",
      "summary": "Rhode Island's Attorney General sued Kalshi and Polymarket US in state court seeking significant civil penalties and disgorgement; the case was removed and consolidated with Kalshi's federal suit.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-22",
          "description": "State files suit in Providence County Superior Court (date inferred from the CFTC's 'Friday' reference); Polymarket US removes it the same day with Kalshi's consent.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00333/62267"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-09",
          "description": "Polymarket US moves for a preliminary injunction.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00333/62267"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-22",
          "description": "Consolidated into No. 1:26-cv-00327.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00333/62267"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-03",
          "description": "PI hearing in the consolidated case.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00333/62267"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-furcolo-dri"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: State of Rhode Island v. KalshiEX, D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00333",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00333/62267"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Furcolo, D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00327",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/rhode-island/ridce/1:2026cv00327/62256"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9238-26: CFTC moves to block Rhode Island enforcement (2026-05-28)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9238-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (rows CUR-038, CUR-041)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ri-v-kalshi-polymarket"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kalshi-v-raoul-ndill",
      "caption": "KalshiEX LLC v. Raoul",
      "short_name": "Kalshi v. Illinois (N.D. Ill.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-07363",
      "filed": "2026-06-23",
      "states": [
        "IL"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kwame Raoul",
        "JB Pritzker",
        "Dionne R. Hayden, Sean Brannon, Stephen R. Ferrara, Caleb J. Melamed, Marcus Fruchter"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "On Oct. 2, 2026 Judge Martha M. Pacold granted in part the preliminary-injunction motions in this case and the related Coinbase and United States/CFTC cases, finding Illinois' sports-wagering licensing requirements and related criminal provisions likely preempted as applied to the contracts at issue. The parties must file a proposed injunction by Oct. 29, 2026; challenges to Illinois' wagering and transaction fees were held for further briefing. No appeal reported as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Illinois gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Kalshi sued Illinois officials amid Illinois Gaming Board cease-and-desist proceedings. The case was reassigned to Judge Pacold as related to the federal government's and Coinbase's suits, and on Oct. 2, 2026 she granted partial preliminary relief in all three cases, tailored to the contracts at issue (such as championship-winner contracts), while leaving the fee challenges for later decision.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-23",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-25",
          "description": "TRO/PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-17",
          "description": "State opposes the motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-24",
          "description": "Reply filed; case reassigned to Judge Pacold.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-02",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction motions granted in part in the three related cases; proposed injunction due Oct. 29, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/federal-judge-grants-kalshi-coinbase-partial-injunctions/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "coinbase-v-raoul-ndill"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Raoul, N.D. Ill. 1:26-cv-07363",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: federal judge grants Kalshi and Coinbase partial injunctions against Illinois",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/federal-judge-grants-kalshi-coinbase-partial-injunctions/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: federal court grants CFTC, Kalshi preliminary injunctions against Illinois (2026-10-05)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/10/05/federal-court-cftc-kalshi-illinois/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kalshi-v-raoul-ndill"
    },
    {
      "slug": "coinbase-v-raoul-ndill",
      "caption": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. v. Raoul",
      "short_name": "Coinbase v. Illinois (N.D. Ill.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-15406",
      "filed": "2025-12-18",
      "states": [
        "IL"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kwame Raoul, Illinois Attorney General",
        "Illinois Gaming Board members (Dionne R. Hayden, Sean Brannon, Stephen R. Ferrera, Caleb J. Melamed, Marcus D. Fruchter)"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Before Judge Martha M. Pacold as a related case. On Oct. 2, 2026 the court granted Coinbase's preliminary-injunction request in part, together with Kalshi's and the federal government's; a proposed injunction is due Oct. 29, 2026 and fee challenges were reserved. No appeal reported as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Illinois gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. sued Illinois officials seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts. Its PI motion, argued in February 2026, was decided together with the related federal and Kalshi cases in October 2026, when the court granted partial preliminary relief.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-12-18",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-12-23",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-24",
          "description": "PI argument; motion taken under advisement.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-02",
          "description": "Court grants motion to reassign United States v. Illinois (No. 26-cv-03659) to Judge Pacold as related.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-02",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction request granted in part; proposed injunction due Oct. 29, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/federal-judge-grants-kalshi-coinbase-partial-injunctions/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kalshi-v-raoul-ndill"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Coinbase Financial Markets v. Raoul, N.D. Ill. 1:25-cv-15406",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Raoul, N.D. Ill. 1:26-cv-07363",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: federal judge grants Kalshi and Coinbase partial injunctions against Illinois",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/federal-judge-grants-kalshi-coinbase-partial-injunctions/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: federal court grants CFTC, Kalshi preliminary injunctions against Illinois (2026-10-05)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/10/05/federal-court-cftc-kalshi-illinois/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/coinbase-v-raoul-ndill"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nm-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "State of New Mexico v. KalshiEX LLC",
      "short_name": "New Mexico v. Kalshi (enforcement suit)",
      "category": "state_v_operator",
      "court": "New Mexico state court (not identified in sources reviewed)",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": null,
      "filed": "2026-06",
      "states": [
        "NM"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "State of New Mexico"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Filed in state court in early June 2026. DeFi Rate's case list (Oct. 2026) describes the case as removed to federal court with removal disputed; no ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the operator's event contracts are unlicensed gambling under New Mexico law, or whether federal commodities law preempts the state's claims.",
      "summary": "New Mexico sued Kalshi in state court alleging its offerings amount to unlawful online sports betting and seeking to halt sports-related contracts in the state. The CFTC sued New Mexico the following week.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-12",
          "description": "CFTC sues New Mexico, citing the state's suit against Kalshi filed the prior week.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9251-26"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "qcx-v-torrez-dnm"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9251-26: CFTC sues New Mexico (2026-06-12)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9251-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-034: removal disputed)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/nm-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "qcx-v-torrez-dnm",
      "caption": "QCX LLC v. Torrez",
      "short_name": "Polymarket US v. New Mexico (D.N.M.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-02100",
      "filed": "2026-06-30",
      "states": [
        "NM"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Raúl Torrez, New Mexico Attorney General",
        "Terry McGaha",
        "Patrick Garrett",
        "Darren White",
        "Van Billops",
        "Mekko M. Miller",
        "Billy G. Smith"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Stayed: Judge David H. Urias granted the parties' joint motion to stay proceedings (filed July 24, 2026) on Aug. 14, 2026. No later activity found; DeFi Rate (Oct. 2026) lists the case as pending.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Mexico gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Polymarket US sought declaratory and injunctive relief against New Mexico officials; the parties jointly asked the court to pause the case.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-30",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02100/562727"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-24",
          "description": "Joint motion to stay proceedings filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02100/562727"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-30",
          "description": "Case reassigned to District Judge David H. Urias.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02100/562727"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-14",
          "description": "Joint motion to stay granted.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02100/562727"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nm-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: QCX LLC v. Torrez, D.N.M. 1:26-cv-02100",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02100/562727"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/qcx-v-torrez-dnm"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ludlow-v-torrez-dnm",
      "caption": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC v. Torrez",
      "short_name": "Novig v. New Mexico (D.N.M.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-02576",
      "filed": "2026-08-06",
      "states": [
        "NM"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Novig"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Raúl Torrez, New Mexico Attorney General",
        "Billy Smith",
        "Van Billops",
        "Patrick Garrett",
        "Indy White",
        "Mekko Miller"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Stayed: Judge Margaret I. Strickland granted the parties' joint motion to stay proceedings on Sept. 2, 2026. No further substantive activity found (docket retrieved Sept. 24, 2026).",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Mexico gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig sued New Mexico officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to its event contracts; the parties then jointly asked the court to pause the case.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-06",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02576/567298"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-25",
          "description": "Joint motion to stay proceedings filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02576/567298"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-27",
          "description": "Case reassigned to District Judge Margaret I. Strickland.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02576/567298"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-02",
          "description": "Joint motion to stay granted.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02576/567298"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nm-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Ludlow Exchange v. Torrez, D.N.M. 1:26-cv-02576",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02576/567298"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ludlow-v-torrez-dnm"
    },
    {
      "slug": "underdog-v-torrez-dnm",
      "caption": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. v. Torrez",
      "short_name": "Underdog v. New Mexico (D.N.M.)",
      "category": "operator_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-02935",
      "filed": "2026-09-08",
      "states": [
        "NM"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Underdog"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc.",
        "UDM, LLC d/b/a Underdog Predict"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Raúl Torrez, New Mexico Attorney General",
        "Terry McGaha",
        "Patrick Garrett",
        "Indy White",
        "Van Billops",
        "Mekko M. Miller",
        "Billy G. Smith"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 8, 2026; no ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Mexico gambling or sports-wagering law as applied to event contracts listed on a CFTC-designated contract market.",
      "summary": "Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and its affiliate UDM, LLC (Underdog Predict) sued New Mexico officials in federal court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against application of state gambling law to their event contracts.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-08",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02935/571312"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "nm-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: Underdog Exchange DCM v. Torrez, D.N.M. 1:26-cv-02935",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv02935/571312"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/underdog-v-torrez-dnm"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-arizona",
      "caption": "United States v. State of Arizona",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Arizona (D. Ariz.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-02246",
      "filed": "2026-04-02",
      "states": [
        "AZ"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Crypto.com"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Arizona",
        "Katie Hobbs, Governor",
        "Arizona Department of Gaming",
        "Kristin K. Mayes, Attorney General",
        "Jackie Johnson",
        "Douglas Jensen"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "Consolidated into KalshiEX v. Johnson (2:26-cv-01715); PI granted May 5, 2026. Arizona's appeal (9th Cir. 26-4281) was stayed pending the Nevada appeals; after the Aug. 28, 2026 Nevada ruling, Arizona asked on Sept. 14, 2026 for summary vacatur of the PI as to sports contracts. No ruling found as of Oct. 21, 2026; the PI remains in effect.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Arizona law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The federal government sued Arizona as the state pursued civil and criminal enforcement against CFTC-regulated exchanges. It won a TRO and then the first federal-government preliminary injunction in this litigation.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-02",
          "description": "Complaint filed (one of three suits filed that day).",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9206-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-02",
          "description": "Consolidated into No. 2:26-cv-01715.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-10",
          "description": "TRO granted.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9211-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-05",
          "description": "Preliminary injunction granted.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-06",
          "description": "Arizona's appeal docketed (No. 26-4281).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-4281"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-14",
          "description": "Arizona asks the Ninth Circuit to summarily vacate the PI as to sports contracts.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. Arizona, D. Ariz. 2:26-cv-02246",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv02246/1486362"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Johnson, D. Ariz. 2:26-cv-01715",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/arizona/azdce/2:2026cv01715/1483385"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9206-26: CFTC sues Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois (2026-04-02)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9206-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9208-26: CFTC seeks to enjoin Arizona enforcement (2026-04-09)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9208-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9211-26: TRO blocks Arizona criminal enforcement (2026-04-10)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9211-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Arizona Mirror: criminal case against Kalshi blocked by federal judge (2026-05-05)",
          "url": "https://azmirror.com/briefs/arizonas-criminal-case-against-kalshi-permanently-blocked-by-federal-judge/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: CFTC v. Johnson, 9th Cir. 26-4281",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/26-4281"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-arizona"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-minnesota",
      "caption": "United States v. State of Minnesota",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Minnesota (D. Minn.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "0:26-cv-02661",
      "filed": "2026-05-19",
      "states": [
        "MN"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Minnesota",
        "Tim Walz, Governor",
        "Keith Ellison, Attorney General",
        "Minnesota Department of Public Safety",
        "Jon Anglin, Director, Alcohol and Gambling Enforcement Division",
        "Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians, Spokane Tribe, Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians, Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation and Bay Mills Indian Community (as listed in the docket header)"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "PI granted July 27, 2026 by Judge Katherine M. Menendez together with the Kalshi and Polymarket US cases; DeFi Rate lists a pretrial conference on Oct. 13, 2026. No appeal by Minnesota found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Minnesota law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "Filed the day after Minnesota's prediction-market ban was signed, the suit argued the law undermines the federal scheme, including by criminalizing weather contracts. The court enjoined enforcement against CFTC-registered exchanges.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-19",
          "description": "Complaint and PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02661/234000"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-02",
          "description": "PI argument.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02661/234000"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-27",
          "description": "PI granted.",
          "source_url": "https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/07/27/minnesota-ban-on-kalshi-polymarket-prediction-markets-put-on-hold-by-federal-judge"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. Minnesota, D. Minn. 0:26-cv-02661",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/minnesota/mndce/0:2026cv02661/234000"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9233-26: CFTC sues Minnesota (2026-05-19)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9233-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "ABC News: federal government sues Minnesota over ban (2026-05-20)",
          "url": "https://abcnews.com/US/federal-government-sues-minnesota-prediction-market-ban/story?id=133151891"
        },
        {
          "name": "MPR News: Minnesota ban put on hold by federal judge (2026-07-27)",
          "url": "https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/07/27/minnesota-ban-on-kalshi-polymarket-prediction-markets-put-on-hold-by-federal-judge"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-015)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-minnesota"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-wisconsin",
      "caption": "United States v. State of Wisconsin",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Wisconsin (E.D. Wis.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-00749",
      "filed": "2026-04-28",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Crypto.com",
        "Polymarket",
        "Robinhood",
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Wisconsin",
        "Joshua L. Kaul, Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "on_appeal",
      "status_detail": "Judge William C. Griesbach denied the PI (signed July 28, 2026) and administratively closed the case; appeals pending in the Seventh Circuit.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Wisconsin law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The CFTC sued Wisconsin days after the state filed felony-based enforcement suits against five exchanges. Kalshi and Crypto.com's exchange intervened. The court denied preliminary relief.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-28",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9220-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-01",
          "description": "PI motion filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiedce/2:2026cv00749/116482"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-28",
          "description": "PI denied.",
          "source_url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "us-v-wisconsin-7th-cir"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. Wisconsin, E.D. Wis. 2:26-cv-00749",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiedce/2:2026cv00749/116482"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9220-26: CFTC sues Wisconsin (2026-04-28)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9220-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-wisconsin"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-wisconsin-7th-cir",
      "caption": "USA v. State of Wisconsin",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Wisconsin (Seventh Circuit)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit",
      "court_level": "federal_appeals",
      "docket": "26-2636; 26-2675; 26-2696",
      "filed": "2026-08-10",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Wisconsin",
        "Joshua L. Kaul"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Three appeals docketed from the E.D. Wis. case: by the United States/CFTC (26-2636, docketed Aug. 10, 2026, with a motion to expedite filed Aug. 11, 2026; opening brief due Sept. 21, 2026), by KalshiEX (26-2675, brief due Sept. 23, 2026) and by the American Gaming Association (26-2696, brief due Sept. 28, 2026). No decision found as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Wisconsin law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The federal government and Kalshi appealed the denial of preliminary relief against Wisconsin; the American Gaming Association filed a separate appeal.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "US/CFTC appeal docketed (26-2636).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2636"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-11",
          "description": "Motion to expedite filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2636"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-14",
          "description": "Kalshi appeal docketed (26-2675).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2675"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-17",
          "description": "AGA appeal docketed (26-2696).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2696"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "us-v-wisconsin"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: USA v. Wisconsin, 7th Cir. 26-2636",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2636"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: USA v. Wisconsin, 7th Cir. 26-2675",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2675"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: USA v. Wisconsin, 7th Cir. 26-2696",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-2696"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-wisconsin-7th-cir"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-new-mexico",
      "caption": "United States v. State of New Mexico",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. New Mexico (D.N.M.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-01912",
      "filed": "2026-06-12",
      "states": [
        "NM"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of New Mexico",
        "Raúl Torrez, Attorney General"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Before Chief Judge Kenneth J. Gonzales. The PI motion (filed June 18, 2026) and the state's motion to dismiss (filed July 16, 2026) were fully briefed by Aug. 10, 2026; no hearing or ruling found as of October 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts New Mexico law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The CFTC sued New Mexico a week after the state sued Kalshi in state court.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-12",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9251-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-18",
          "description": "PI motion filed; case reassigned to Chief Judge Gonzales.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv01912/561117"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-29",
          "description": "Governor Lujan Grisham and several other officials dismissed without prejudice by stipulation.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv01912/561117"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-16",
          "description": "State moves to dismiss and opposes the PI motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv01912/561117"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Briefing on both motions complete.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv01912/561117"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9251-26: CFTC sues New Mexico (2026-06-12)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9251-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. New Mexico, D.N.M. 1:26-cv-01912",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/1:2026cv01912/561117"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vultax prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://vultax.com/research/prediction-market-lawsuit-tracker"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-new-mexico"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-kentucky",
      "caption": "United States v. Commonwealth of Kentucky",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Kentucky (E.D. Ky.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00049",
      "filed": "2026-06-23",
      "states": [
        "KY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Polymarket US",
        "Robinhood",
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Commonwealth of Kentucky",
        "Andrew Beshear",
        "Russell Coleman",
        "Kentucky Horse Racing and Gaming Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "PI motion withdrawn July 21, 2026 in favor of summary-judgment cross-motions. A Oct. 5, 2026 order (Doc. 67) canceled the Oct. 9, 2026 argument and called for supplemental briefs (15 pages each) by Oct. 23, 2026; no new argument date and no ruling as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Kentucky law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The CFTC challenged Kentucky's state-court enforcement suits and a new transaction fee on CFTC-regulated exchanges. Judge S. Chad Meredith allowed the Coalition for Fair Markets to intervene and is deciding the case on summary judgment.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-06-23",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00049/112732"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-21",
          "description": "Plaintiffs agree to withdraw the PI motion; court sets an expedited summary-judgment schedule.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00049/112732"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Coalition for Fair Markets allowed to intervene; cross-motions for summary judgment due Aug. 24, 2026, responses Sept. 14, 2026, argument set for Sept. 25, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00049/112732"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-20",
          "description": "Joint motion to reset the Sept. 25, 2026 argument.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00049/112732"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-05",
          "description": "Order cancels the Oct. 9, 2026 argument and calls for supplemental briefs by Oct. 23, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-05",
          "description": "Judge Meredith (Doc. 67) cancelled the Oct. 9, 2026 argument, ordered 15-page supplemental briefs due Oct. 23, 2026, and directed the parties to propose at least three argument dates.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. Kentucky, E.D. Ky. 3:26-cv-00049",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2026cv00049/112732"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9260-26: CFTC sues Kentucky (2026-06-23)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9260-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-kentucky"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-new-york",
      "caption": "United States v. State of New York",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. New York (S.D.N.Y.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-03404",
      "filed": "2026-04-24",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Coinbase",
        "Gemini",
        "Polymarket US"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of New York",
        "Letitia James, Attorney General",
        "New York State Gaming Commission and its officials"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Before Judge Lorna G. Schofield (the related cases were reassigned from Judge Victor Marrero in August 2026). The preliminary-injunction motion was argued on Sept. 14, 2026 and remained undecided as of Oct. 21, 2026. On Oct. 13, 2026 the court (ECF 177) let the federal plaintiffs file short supplemental notices on the CFTC's Oct. 9, 2026 rulemakings by Oct. 16, 2026 and allowed optional responses by Oct. 23, 2026. An earlier emergency TRO request was denied without prejudice in late July/early August 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts New York law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The CFTC and the United States sued New York over its cease-and-desist letters and civil enforcement petitions against CFTC-registered exchanges. A request for a temporary restraining order was denied in summer 2026; the preliminary-injunction motion has been argued but not decided. Coinbase and Gemini sought to intervene.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9218-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-28",
          "description": "Accepted as related to New York's removed petition against Coinbase (No. 1:26-cv-03300).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03404/662601"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-04",
          "description": "New York opposes the preliminary-injunction motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03404/662601"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-16",
          "description": "Governor Hochul voluntarily dismissed as a defendant.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03404/662601"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Judge Schofield, now presiding over the related New York cases, sets the PI hearing for Sept. 14, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-14",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction argument.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-13",
          "description": "Order permitting supplemental notices on the CFTC's new rulemakings; PI still pending.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-14",
          "description": "The court heard argument on the federal plaintiffs' preliminary-injunction motion.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-13",
          "description": "Judge Schofield permitted supplemental notices on the CFTC's Oct. 9, 2026 rules (plaintiffs by Oct. 16, 2026; New York may respond by Oct. 23, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. New York, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-03404",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03404/662601"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9218-26: CFTC sues New York (2026-04-24)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9218-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction market lawsuit tracker (updated 2026-10-20)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cointelegraph: NY judge denies CFTC emergency motion (2026-08-04)",
          "url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/ny-judge-denies-cftc-motion-enforcement-kalshi"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-005)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: North American Derivatives Exchange v. James, S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-04980 (Aug. 10 order setting the 3404 PI hearing)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04980/666133"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-new-york"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-connecticut",
      "caption": "United States v. State of Connecticut",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Connecticut (D. Conn.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:26-cv-00498",
      "filed": "2026-04-02",
      "states": [
        "CT"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Connecticut",
        "Ned Lamont, Governor",
        "others"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Before Judge Vernon D. Oliver. As of the last docket retrieval (May 29, 2026), no PI motion had been docketed; Crypto.com's exchange had been allowed to intervene as a plaintiff (May 27, 2026), the Mohegan Tribe and Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation had moved to intervene, and the state's motion to dismiss was due June 3, 2026 with briefing through July 8, 2026. DeFi Rate (Oct. 2026) lists PI and intervention motions as pending. No ruling found.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Connecticut law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "One of three suits the CFTC filed on April 2, 2026, challenging Connecticut's actions against CFTC-registered exchanges.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-02",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9206-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-26",
          "description": "Mohegan Tribe and Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation move to intervene.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv00498/170043"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-27",
          "description": "Crypto.com's exchange (NADEX/CDNA) allowed to intervene as a plaintiff; motion-to-dismiss schedule set and discovery stayed.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv00498/170043"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-11",
          "description": "The federal plaintiffs filed a preliminary-injunction motion; Robinhood's unopposed motion to intervene was also pending.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. Connecticut, D. Conn. 3:26-cv-00498",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/connecticut/ctdce/3:2026cv00498/170043"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9206-26: CFTC sues Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois (2026-04-02)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9206-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal-cases CSV (row CUR-004)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/data/legal-cases.csv"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-connecticut"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-illinois",
      "caption": "United States v. State of Illinois",
      "short_name": "United States & CFTC v. Illinois (N.D. Ill.)",
      "category": "federal_v_state",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-03659",
      "filed": "2026-04-02",
      "states": [
        "IL"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Coinbase"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States",
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "State of Illinois",
        "JB Pritzker, Governor",
        "others"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_granted",
      "status_detail": "On Oct. 2, 2026 Judge Martha M. Pacold granted in part the United States and CFTC's preliminary-injunction motion (together with Kalshi's and Coinbase's related motions), finding Illinois' sports-wagering licensing requirements and related criminal provisions likely preempted as applied to the contracts at issue. A proposed injunction is due Oct. 29, 2026; challenges to Illinois' wagering and transaction fees were held for further briefing.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CEA preempts Illinois law as applied to event contracts on CFTC-registered exchanges, so that the state may be enjoined from enforcing it against them.",
      "summary": "The CFTC sued Illinois as its Gaming Board pursued cease-and-desist proceedings against CFTC-registered exchanges. In October 2026 the court granted partial preliminary relief, the first such win for the federal government in the Seventh Circuit after a Wisconsin judge denied similar relief.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-02",
          "description": "Complaint filed.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9206-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-02",
          "description": "Reassigned to Judge Pacold as related to Coinbase v. Raoul.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-17",
          "description": "PI motion due under the court's June 15, 2026 schedule (filing not separately verified).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv15406/491785"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-02",
          "description": "Preliminary-injunction motion granted in part (order Doc. 99); proposed injunction due Oct. 29, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/news/federal-judge-grants-kalshi-coinbase-partial-injunctions/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: United States v. Illinois, N.D. Ill. 1:26-cv-03659",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv03659/498112"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC release 9206-26: CFTC sues Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois (2026-04-02)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9206-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia docket: KalshiEX v. Raoul, N.D. Ill. 1:26-cv-07363",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2026cv07363/502930"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate legal tracker snapshot (Oct. 2026)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas: federal court grants CFTC, Kalshi preliminary injunctions against Illinois (2026-10-05)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/10/05/federal-court-cftc-kalshi-illinois/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate: federal judge grants Kalshi and Coinbase partial injunctions against Illinois",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/news/federal-judge-grants-kalshi-coinbase-partial-injunctions/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-illinois"
    },
    {
      "slug": "blue-lake-rancheria-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Blue Lake Rancheria, et al. v. Kalshi, Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "California tribes v. Kalshi and Robinhood",
      "category": "tribe_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (on remand from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:25-cv-06162-JSC (N.D. Cal.); 25-7504 (9th Cir.)",
      "filed": "2025-07-22",
      "states": [
        "CA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Blue Lake Rancheria",
        "Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians",
        "Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians (dismissed by joint stipulation, August 2026)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi, Inc.",
        "KalshiEX, LLC",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC"
      ],
      "status": "remanded",
      "status_detail": "On Sept. 16, 2026 a Ninth Circuit panel found the two remaining tribes likely to succeed on their IGRA claim, reversed the denial of a preliminary injunction on that claim, and sent the case back to Judge Jacqueline Scott Corley to weigh the other injunction factors. The mandate was entered in the district court on Oct. 8, 2026 and a case-management conference was set for Oct. 21, 2026; its outcome was not available. No injunction has issued. A litigation tracker reports that Kalshi has voluntarily geofenced the three tribes' lands (date not given).",
      "key_question": "Whether sports event contracts sold through a CFTC-registered exchange to people located on tribal lands are class III gaming that tribes can stop under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act notwithstanding the Commodity Exchange Act.",
      "summary": "Three California tribes sued Kalshi and its retail distributor Robinhood in July 2025, arguing that sports event contracts offered to people on their reservations are unauthorized class III gaming under IGRA and also pleading false-advertising and racketeering theories. The district court denied a preliminary injunction in November 2025, finding the tribes had not shown a likelihood of success on that record. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit held that the contracts are likely class III gaming, that the wager occurs where the bettor is located, and that neither the CEA nor UIGEA displaces IGRA, while leaving the Lanham Act ruling in place. The Picayune Rancheria withdrew in August 2026 before the appellate decision.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-07-22",
          "description": "Blue Lake Rancheria, Chicken Ranch Rancheria and Picayune Rancheria sued Kalshi and Robinhood in the Northern District of California, seeking an injunction against sports contracts on tribal lands and damages.",
          "source_url": "https://tribalbusinessnews.com/sections/gaming/15223-california-tribes-sue-kalshi-and-robinhood-over-sports-betting-on-reservation-lands"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-10",
          "description": "Judge Jacqueline Scott Corley denied the tribes' motion for a preliminary injunction, finding they had not shown a likelihood of success on their IGRA or Lanham Act theories on the existing record.",
          "source_url": "https://www.ingame.com/kalshi-tribal-lands-court-rejects-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-28",
          "description": "The tribes' appeal of the preliminary-injunction denial was docketed in the Ninth Circuit as No. 25-7504.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7504"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-21",
          "description": "Law360 reported that the district court asked the parties to address whether the case should be paused pending Ninth Circuit rulings in the Nevada prediction-market litigation (exact order date not confirmed); the court later stayed the case on May 22, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://www.law360.com/articles/2468190"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-06",
          "description": "The Ninth Circuit denied the tribes' motion to assign the appeal to the panel hearing North American Derivatives Exchange v. Nevada (No. 25-7187), citing significant differences between the appeals.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7504"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-22",
          "description": "Judge Corley stayed the district-court case until the Ninth Circuit decided both this appeal (No. 25-7504) and KalshiEX v. Assad (No. 25-7516), the Nevada case argued April 16, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://www.narf.org/nill/bulletins/federal/documents/2026/blue_lake_v_kalshi.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-07-10",
          "description": "The Ninth Circuit heard oral argument in San Francisco.",
          "source_url": "https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20260916136"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08",
          "description": "The district court approved a joint stipulation dismissing the Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians from the case and appeal; no reason was given (reported Aug. 13, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://sportsbettingdime.com/news/industry/california-tribe-drops-from-lawsuit-against-kalshi"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-16",
          "description": "Ninth Circuit opinion (Judge McKeown, joined by Chief Judge Murguia and Judge Paez) reversed the preliminary-injunction denial as to the IGRA claim, affirmed as to the Lanham Act claim, and remanded for the district court to weigh the remaining injunction factors.",
          "source_url": "https://www.buchalter.com/insights/ninth-circuit-kalshis-sports-contracts-are-class-iii-gaming-on-tribal-land-and-tribes-can-sue-to-stop-them/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-08",
          "description": "The Ninth Circuit's mandate was entered on the district-court docket (Doc. 99), and the clerk set a further case-management conference by Zoom for Oct. 21, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10",
          "description": "Tribal amici, including the Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians and a group of 145 tribes and tribal organizations, filed amicus briefs at the U.S. Supreme Court in the Flaherty/KalshiEX cert proceeding (No. 26-299, New Jersey's petition from the Third Circuit), which is tracked as a separate state-v-operator case. A docket tracker reports amicus briefs in that docket were filed between Oct. 6 and Oct. 9; exact dates for the tribal briefs were not confirmed.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "ho-chunk-nation-v-kalshi",
        "new-mexico-pueblos-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Ninth Circuit opinion, Blue Lake Rancheria v. Kalshi, No. 25-7504 (Leagle)",
          "url": "https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20260916136"
        },
        {
          "name": "District court order staying the case, Doc. 87 (2026-05-22) (NARF National Indian Law Library)",
          "url": "https://www.narf.org/nill/bulletins/federal/documents/2026/blue_lake_v_kalshi.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: Ninth Circuit No. 25-7504",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca9/25-7504"
        },
        {
          "name": "Buchalter client alert (2026-09-21)",
          "url": "https://www.buchalter.com/insights/ninth-circuit-kalshis-sports-contracts-are-class-iii-gaming-on-tribal-land-and-tribes-can-sue-to-stop-them/"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas (2026-09-17)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/09/17/ninth-circuit-rules-ca-tribes-kalshi/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sports Betting Dime (2026-09-16)",
          "url": "https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/?p=829631"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sports Betting Dime: Picayune drops out (2026-08-13)",
          "url": "https://sportsbettingdime.com/news/industry/california-tribe-drops-from-lawsuit-against-kalshi"
        },
        {
          "name": "InGame: court rejects tribal injunction (2025-11)",
          "url": "https://www.ingame.com/kalshi-tribal-lands-court-rejects-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tribal Business News: complaint filed (2025-07-23)",
          "url": "https://tribalbusinessnews.com/sections/gaming/15223-california-tribes-sue-kalshi-and-robinhood-over-sports-betting-on-reservation-lands"
        },
        {
          "name": "Law360 (2026-04-21)",
          "url": "https://www.law360.com/articles/2468190"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gambling Insider (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://www.gamblinginsider.com/de/news/103465/ninth-circuit-stammes-antrag-abgelehnt-kalshi-beantragt-aufschub"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "U.S. Supreme Court docket No. 26-299",
          "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26-299.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker (current page, read 2026-10-22)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/blue-lake-rancheria-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ho-chunk-nation-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Ho-Chunk Nation v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Ho-Chunk Nation v. Kalshi",
      "category": "tribe_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "3:25-cv-00698 (W.D. Wis.); 26-8020 (7th Cir., petition for permission to appeal)",
      "filed": "2025-08-20",
      "states": [
        "WI"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ho-Chunk Nation"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc. (Robinhood reported dismissed 2026-05-11)",
        "Robinhood Derivatives LLC (Robinhood reported dismissed 2026-05-11)",
        "Does 1-20"
      ],
      "status": "preliminary_injunction_denied",
      "status_detail": "On May 11, 2026 Judge William M. Conley allowed the Nation's IGRA claim against Kalshi to proceed but denied a preliminary injunction, dismissed the Lanham Act and RICO claims, and dismissed Robinhood. He certified that ruling for interlocutory appeal on Sept. 11, 2026, and on Sept. 21, 2026 Kalshi petitioned the Seventh Circuit (No. 26-8020) for permission to appeal; no ruling on the petition was found. A litigation tracker reports the district case is stayed during the appeal.",
      "key_question": "Whether a tribe can sue under IGRA to stop a CFTC-registered exchange from offering sports event contracts to people on its lands, and whether those contracts are class III gaming.",
      "summary": "The Ho-Chunk Nation sued Kalshi and Robinhood in August 2025, pleading IGRA, tribal gaming ordinance, RICO, tribal sovereignty and Lanham Act false-advertising claims over sports event contracts offered on its lands. In May 2026 the court held the Nation may pursue its IGRA claim against Kalshi but found it had not shown the irreparable harm needed for a preliminary injunction; it also dismissed the RICO and false-advertising claims and the Robinhood defendants. Kalshi is now seeking permission for an early appeal of the IGRA ruling to the Seventh Circuit.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-08-20",
          "description": "The Ho-Chunk Nation filed a five-count complaint against Kalshi and Robinhood entities in the Western District of Wisconsin.",
          "source_url": "https://turtletalk.blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/1-complaint-3.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-21",
          "description": "The Kalshi defendants moved to dismiss the complaint.",
          "source_url": "https://www.ingame.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/gov.uscourts.wiwd_.55038.28.0_1.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-01-09",
          "description": "A pretrial conference order set dispositive motions for Nov. 10, 2026 and jury selection and trial for May 24, 2027 (dates may have been affected by the later reported stay).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2025cv00698/55038"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-11",
          "description": "Judge Conley denied Kalshi's motion to dismiss the IGRA claim, dismissed the Lanham Act and RICO claims and the Robinhood defendants, and denied the Nation's preliminary-injunction motion for lack of irreparable harm.",
          "source_url": "https://www.ingame.com/?p=49383"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-11",
          "description": "Judge Conley certified his May 2026 ruling for interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. 1292(b).",
          "source_url": "https://www.wsn.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-21",
          "description": "Kalshi Inc. and KalshiEX LLC petitioned the Seventh Circuit for permission to appeal under 28 U.S.C. 1292(b); the petition was docketed as No. 26-8020 (captioned Kalshi Inc., et al. v. Ho-Chunk Nation).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-8020"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "blue-lake-rancheria-v-kalshi",
        "new-mexico-pueblos-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Complaint, W.D. Wis. No. 3:25-cv-00698 (via Turtle Talk)",
          "url": "https://turtletalk.blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/1-complaint-3.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kalshi defendants' motion to dismiss (via InGame)",
          "url": "https://www.ingame.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/gov.uscourts.wiwd_.55038.28.0_1.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "InGame (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://www.ingame.com/?p=49383"
        },
        {
          "name": "CDC Gaming Reports (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://cdcgaming.com/brief/federal-judge-says-ho-chunk-can-sue-kalshi-under-igra-but-denies-injunction/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Courthouse News Service (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://courthousenews.com/federal-judge-rejects-tribes-bid-to-oust-prediction-markets-in-wisconsin/"
        },
        {
          "name": "WEAU (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://www.weau.com/2026/05/12/ho-chunk-nation-wins-federal-decision-kalshi-case/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Turtle Talk (2026-05-13)",
          "url": "https://turtletalk.blog/tag/western-district-of-wisconsin/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: Seventh Circuit No. 26-8020",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca7/26-8020"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gambling News: suit filed (2025-08-21)",
          "url": "https://www.gamblingnews.com/news/kalshi-draws-new-tribal-challenge-as-ho-chunk-nation-files-suit/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tribal Gaming (2026-05-31)",
          "url": "https://tribalgaming.com/news/ho-chunk-nation-kalshi-wisconsin-federal-ruling-2026/"
        },
        {
          "name": "WSN prediction-market legal tracker (as of 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://www.wsn.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: W.D. Wis. No. 3:25-cv-00698",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/wisconsin/wiwdc/3:2025cv00698/55038"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ho-chunk-nation-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-mexico-pueblos-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Mescalero Apache Tribe, et al. v. Kalshi, Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "New Mexico tribe and pueblos v. Kalshi",
      "category": "tribe_v_operator",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-01517 (filed as 1:26-cv-01517)",
      "filed": "2026-05-12",
      "states": [
        "NM"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Mescalero Apache Tribe",
        "Pueblo of Pojoaque",
        "Pueblo of Sandia",
        "Pueblo of Isleta"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi, Inc.",
        "KalshiEX, LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Pending before Judge Margaret I. Strickland. Kalshi moved to dismiss on June 24, 2026, and the tribes moved for a preliminary injunction barring Kalshi's sports contracts within their boundaries. Briefing on both motions closed with the tribes' Sept. 4, 2026 brief. No ruling on either motion had been reported as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi's internet sports event contracts offered to people on the Tribes' Indian lands are class III gaming not authorized by IGRA, the Tribes' gaming compacts and their gaming ordinances.",
      "summary": "The Mescalero Apache Tribe and the Pueblos of Isleta, Pojoaque and Sandia sued Kalshi, Inc. and KalshiEX, LLC in the District of New Mexico on May 12, 2026. Each tribe pleads one count alleging that Kalshi's sports contracts, offered to people on its lands, are class III gaming not authorized under IGRA, its compact with the state and its own gaming laws, and the tribes say Kalshi could have geofenced their lands. They seek a declaration, preliminary and permanent injunctions, tribal civil penalties (except Sandia) and ordinance damages. Kalshi moved to dismiss in June 2026, arguing among other things that the tribes waited too long and have not shown irreparable harm, and that geofencing is costly and at odds with its impartial-access obligations. Briefing on that motion and the tribes' preliminary-injunction motion closed on Sept. 4, 2026, and Judge Margaret Strickland had not ruled as of Oct. 21, 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-12",
          "description": "The Mescalero Apache Tribe and the Pueblos of Isleta, Pojoaque and Sandia filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief and civil penalties against Kalshi, Inc. and KalshiEX, LLC in the District of New Mexico (No. 1:26-cv-01517).",
          "source_url": "https://turtletalk.blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/1-complaint-2.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-29",
          "description": "The case was reassigned to District Judge Margaret I. Strickland as trial judge, and the docket's division code changed to Las Cruces (2:26-cv-01517).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/2:2026cv01517/556685"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-24",
          "description": "Kalshi, Inc. and KalshiEX, LLC moved to dismiss the complaint.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/2:2026cv01517/556685"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-04",
          "description": "The tribes filed a 19-page brief supporting their preliminary-injunction motion and answering Kalshi's motion to dismiss; it was the last filing due before the court could rule on the injunction request.",
          "source_url": "https://sourcenm.com/2026/09/08/new-mexico-tribe-and-pueblos-wrap-up-case-that-kalshi-sports-betting-hurts-their-sovereignty/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "blue-lake-rancheria-v-kalshi",
        "ho-chunk-nation-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Complaint, D.N.M. No. 1:26-cv-01517 (via Turtle Talk)",
          "url": "https://turtletalk.blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/1-complaint-2.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: D.N.M. No. 2:26-cv-01517",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-mexico/nmdce/2:2026cv01517/556685"
        },
        {
          "name": "Turtle Talk (2026-05-13)",
          "url": "https://turtletalk.blog/tag/district-of-new-mexico/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Source NM (2026-05-13)",
          "url": "https://sourcenm.com/2026/05/13/new-mexico-pueblos-sue-kalshi-alleging-prediction-market-violates-tribal-gaming-sovereignty/"
        },
        {
          "name": "InGame (2026-09-09)",
          "url": "https://www.ingame.com/?p=53811"
        },
        {
          "name": "Source NM (2026-09-08)",
          "url": "https://sourcenm.com/2026/09/08/new-mexico-tribe-and-pueblos-wrap-up-case-that-kalshi-sports-betting-hurts-their-sovereignty/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Covers (2026-05-14)",
          "url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/new-mexico-tribes-sue-kalshi-alleging-illegal-sports-betting-may-14-2026"
        },
        {
          "name": "ICT News",
          "url": "https://ictnews.org/news/new-mexico-pueblos-sue-kalshi-alleging-prediction-market-violates-tribal-gaming-sovereignty/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/new-mexico-pueblos-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-army-soldier-maduro-raid-prediction-market-bets",
      "caption": "United States v. Gannon Ken Van Dyke",
      "short_name": "United States v. Van Dyke (Maduro-raid Polymarket trades)",
      "category": "criminal",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cr-00156 (26 Cr. 156)",
      "filed": "2026-04-23",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Gannon Ken Van Dyke"
      ],
      "status": "charged",
      "status_detail": "Van Dyke pleaded not guilty in April 2026 and was released on bond. His motion to dismiss the indictment was argued before Judge Margaret Garnett on Oct. 7, 2026; no ruling had been reported as of Oct. 21, 2026. The charges are allegations and have not been proven.",
      "key_question": "Whether event contracts on a prediction market count as swaps under the Commodity Exchange Act, so that trading them on misappropriated government information can be prosecuted as commodities fraud, and whether confidential military plans are property for wire-fraud purposes.",
      "summary": "Federal prosecutors in Manhattan unsealed a five-count indictment against Gannon Ken Van Dyke, an active-duty Army soldier based at Fort Bragg, on April 23, 2026. The government alleges he used classified information about the U.S. operation to capture Nicolas Maduro to bet about $33,000 on a Polymarket contract on Maduro's exit, making roughly $410,000. He is charged with three Commodity Exchange Act counts, wire fraud and an unlawful monetary transaction; he has pleaded not guilty and these remain allegations. The CFTC filed a parallel civil suit, which has been stayed while the criminal case proceeds. Van Dyke has moved to dismiss, arguing among other things that the contracts are not swaps.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-23",
          "description": "A magistrate judge signed an order unsealing the indictment in United States v. Gannon Ken Van Dyke, 26 Cr. 156 (S.D.N.Y.), on the government's application.",
          "source_url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.662484/gov.uscourts.nysd.662484.3.0.pdf"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-23",
          "description": "The Justice Department announced the unsealing of a five-count indictment in the Southern District of New York (three Commodity Exchange Act counts, wire fraud, and an unlawful monetary transaction); the case was assigned to Judge Margaret M. Garnett. The CFTC filed a parallel civil complaint the same day.",
          "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-soldier-charged-using-classified-information-profit-prediction-market-bets"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04",
          "description": "Van Dyke pleaded not guilty and was released on a $250,000 bond (exact arraignment date not confirmed; a photo caption dates a court appearance to April 28, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://courthousenews.com/army-soldier-who-placed-insider-bets-on-maduro-capture-asks-for-pretrial-dismissal/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "In the parallel CFTC civil case, Judge Andrew Carter granted prosecutors' motion to stay the civil action until the criminal case concludes.",
          "source_url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/cftc-us-solider-insider-trading-polymarket-nicolas-maduro"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10-07",
          "description": "Judge Garnett heard argument on Van Dyke's motion to dismiss, which argues that the Polymarket contracts are not swaps and that military plans are not property under the wire-fraud statute; she did not rule from the bench.",
          "source_url": "https://courthousenews.com/army-soldier-who-placed-insider-bets-on-maduro-capture-asks-for-pretrial-dismissal/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "cftc-v-van-dyke"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Unsealing order, United States v. Van Dyke, 26 Cr. 156 (S.D.N.Y.) (CourtListener RECAP)",
          "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.662484/gov.uscourts.nysd.662484.3.0.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "DOJ press release 26-397 (2026-04-23)",
          "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-soldier-charged-using-classified-information-profit-prediction-market-bets"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC Release 9217-26 (2026-04-23)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9217-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "NPR (2026-04-23)",
          "url": "https://npr.org/2026/04/23/nx-s1-5797957/maduro-raid-charges-polymarket-insider"
        },
        {
          "name": "DLA Piper client alert (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2026/05/doj-and-cftc-criminal-and-civil-insider-trading-charges"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cointelegraph: civil case stayed (2026-08-10)",
          "url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/cftc-us-solider-insider-trading-polymarket-nicolas-maduro"
        },
        {
          "name": "Courthouse News: motion to dismiss argued (2026-10-07)",
          "url": "https://courthousenews.com/army-soldier-who-placed-insider-bets-on-maduro-capture-asks-for-pretrial-dismissal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Morrison Foerster alert (2026-04-28)",
          "url": "https://www.mofo.com/pdf/resources/insights/260428-doj-and-cftc-charge-army-soldier"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-army-soldier-maduro-raid-prediction-market-bets"
    },
    {
      "slug": "brown-v-kalshi-text-message-class-action",
      "caption": "Brown v. Kalshi Inc.",
      "short_name": "Kalshi text-message consumer class action (Brown)",
      "category": "private_class_action",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-01426",
      "filed": "2026-04-27",
      "states": [
        "WA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Nicholas Brown (individually and for a putative class)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc."
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Listed as pending by two litigation trackers (DeFi Rate, verified Aug. 28, 2026; Bransfield, updated Oct. 21, 2026); neither reports a ruling.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi's marketing text messages to consumers violated the law the plaintiff invokes (statute not verified; likely a telemarketing or consumer-protection statute).",
      "summary": "Nicholas Brown filed a putative consumer class action against Kalshi in late April 2026 over text messages the company sent, according to two prediction-market litigation trackers; one places it in federal court in Seattle. These are the plaintiff's allegations. The statute relied on and any rulings have not been verified.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-27",
          "description": "Nicholas Brown filed suit against Kalshi Inc. in the Western District of Washington (No. 2:26-cv-01426), citing diversity jurisdiction.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv01426/361882"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "DeFi Rate's tracker recorded the case as active after checking the docket, with no rulings noted.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: W.D. Wash. No. 2:26-cv-01426",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/washington/wawdce/2:2026cv01426/361882"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/brown-v-kalshi-text-message-class-action"
    },
    {
      "slug": "warga-v-winklevoss",
      "caption": "Warga v. Winklevoss, et al.",
      "short_name": "Gemini consumer class action (Warga v. Winklevoss)",
      "category": "private_class_action",
      "court": "Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, Nevada",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "A-26-944755-C",
      "filed": "2026-04-22",
      "states": [
        "NV"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Gemini"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Jason Warga (individually and for a putative class)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Winklevoss defendants (names not verified)",
        "Gemini entities (not verified)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Listed as pending by two litigation trackers (DeFi Rate, verified Aug. 28, 2026; Bransfield, updated Oct. 21, 2026); neither reports a ruling.",
      "key_question": "Not verified; trackers list it only as a consumer class action against Gemini and the Winklevoss defendants among prediction-market cases.",
      "summary": "Jason Warga filed a putative consumer class action in Nevada state court in April 2026 against Gemini and Winklevoss defendants, according to two prediction-market litigation trackers; one gives a Clark County case number. These are the plaintiff's allegations. The claims and procedural history have not been verified.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-22",
          "description": "Putative class action filed in Nevada state court (date per the Bransfield tracker; not docket-verified).",
          "source_url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "DeFi Rate's tracker recorded the case as active after checking the docket index.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/warga-v-winklevoss"
    },
    {
      "slug": "pernas-v-kalshiex",
      "caption": "Pernas v. KalshiEX LLC, et al.",
      "short_name": "Kalshi user suit over Trump-Trudeau contract and withdrawals (Pernas)",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-07419",
      "filed": "2026-08-31",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Nicolas Pernas"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "LedgerX LLC",
        "Rothera Exchange and Clearing LLC",
        "John/Jane Doe Entities 1-10"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Pending before Judge Margaret M. Garnett. The plaintiff filed an emergency motion for an order to show cause with the complaint on Aug. 31, 2026; a docket tracker reports the judge denied the requested temporary restraining order that day. No later rulings were found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi breached its contract or violated the CEA or New York consumer law by resolving a Trump-Trudeau meeting contract 'No', cancelling resting orders and restricting a user's withdrawals, as the plaintiff alleges.",
      "summary": "Kalshi user Nicolas Pernas sued KalshiEX, Kalshi Inc., Kalshi Klear, LedgerX and Rothera Exchange and Clearing in federal court in Manhattan on Aug. 31, 2026. He alleges that Kalshi resolved a contract on a Trump-Trudeau meeting the wrong way, cancelled his resting orders and restricted about $25,000 in withdrawals, and pleads Commodity Exchange Act, contract, misrepresentation, fraud and New York consumer-protection claims. These are the plaintiff's allegations. A tracker reports that Judge Margaret Garnett denied an emergency restraining order the same day.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-31",
          "description": "Complaint filed with an emergency motion for an order to show cause; the docket lists a private Commodity Exchange Act claim (7 U.S.C. 25) as the cause of action and assigns Judge Margaret M. Garnett.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv07419/671687"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-31",
          "description": "According to a docket tracker, Judge Garnett denied the requested temporary restraining order the same day.",
          "source_url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:26-cv-07419",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv07419/671687"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/pernas-v-kalshiex"
    },
    {
      "slug": "moran-v-kalshiex",
      "caption": "Moran v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Candidate's suit over Kalshi discipline for trading on own race (Moran)",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Alexandria Division)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-03008",
      "filed": "2026-09-10",
      "states": [
        "VA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Mark R. Moran"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint on file (DeFi Rate records activity on Sept. 10, 2026 and verified the file-stamped complaint on Sept. 12, 2026); no relief granted as of the trackers' last updates.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi acted lawfully in disciplining a user for trading contracts on his own political candidacy, as the plaintiff disputes.",
      "summary": "Mark R. Moran sued Kalshi Inc. and KalshiEX LLC in federal court in Alexandria, Virginia, on Sept. 10, 2026, challenging the discipline Kalshi imposed on him for trading contracts on his own candidacy, according to two litigation trackers. He seeks damages and declaratory and injunctive relief. These are the plaintiff's allegations. No ruling granting relief has been reported.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-10",
          "description": "Mark R. Moran filed suit against Kalshi Inc. and KalshiEX LLC in the Eastern District of Virginia; the docket lists a Commodity Exchange Act claim (7 U.S.C. 6(b)) as the cause of action.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/virginia/vaedce/1:2026cv03008/605382"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: E.D. Va. No. 1:26-cv-03008",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/virginia/vaedce/1:2026cv03008/605382"
        },
        {
          "name": "DeFi Rate prediction-market legal tracker snapshot (2026-10-11)",
          "url": "https://defirate.com/prediction-markets/legal/snapshot/2026-10-11T0604/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/moran-v-kalshiex"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cftc-v-van-dyke",
      "caption": "Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Gannon Ken Van Dyke",
      "short_name": "CFTC v. Van Dyke (civil insider-trading suit over Maduro-raid trades)",
      "category": "federal_enforcement",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-03369",
      "filed": "2026-04-23",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Gannon Ken Van Dyke"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Stayed. On Aug. 10, 2026 Judge Andrew Carter granted the government's request to pause the civil case until the parallel criminal case ends. The CFTC's claims are allegations.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CFTC's anti-fraud rules reach trading on a prediction-market contract based on misappropriated classified information.",
      "summary": "The CFTC sued Army service member Gannon Ken Van Dyke in federal court in Manhattan on April 23, 2026, the day his criminal indictment was unsealed. It alleges that he used nonpublic information about the operation to capture Nicolas Maduro, gained through his role in it, to buy more than 436,000 Yes shares in a Polymarket contract on Maduro leaving office by Jan. 31, 2026, making more than $404,000. The agency seeks restitution, disgorgement, penalties, trading bans and an injunction. These are allegations. The civil case was stayed in August 2026 pending the criminal case.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-04-23",
          "description": "The CFTC filed a civil complaint in the Southern District of New York (No. 1:26-cv-03369) alleging Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC rule violations, in parallel with the criminal indictment.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9217-26"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-04-24",
          "description": "The case was assigned to Judge Andrew L. Carter, Jr.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03369/662485"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-08-10",
          "description": "Judge Andrew Carter stayed the civil case pending the outcome of the criminal proceeding, granting a July motion by prosecutors.",
          "source_url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/cftc-us-solider-insider-trading-polymarket-nicolas-maduro"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "us-v-army-soldier-maduro-raid-prediction-market-bets"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC Release 9217-26 (2026-04-23)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9217-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:26-cv-03369",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv03369/662485"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cointelegraph: civil case stayed (2026-08-10)",
          "url": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/cftc-us-solider-insider-trading-polymarket-nicolas-maduro"
        },
        {
          "name": "DLA Piper client alert (2026-05-12)",
          "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/2026/05/doj-and-cftc-criminal-and-civil-insider-trading-charges"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/cftc-v-van-dyke"
    },
    {
      "slug": "us-v-spagnuolo",
      "caption": "United States v. Michele Spagnuolo",
      "short_name": "United States v. Spagnuolo (Google search-data Polymarket trades)",
      "category": "criminal",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": null,
      "filed": "2026-05-27",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "United States"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Michele Spagnuolo"
      ],
      "status": "charged",
      "status_detail": "Charged by criminal complaint, unsealed May 27, 2026, with commodities fraud, wire fraud and money laundering. He was presented before Magistrate Judge Sarah Netburn. No indictment, plea or trial date was confirmed. The charges are allegations.",
      "key_question": "Whether trading prediction-market contracts on an employer's confidential data can be prosecuted as commodities fraud and wire fraud.",
      "summary": "Federal prosecutors in Manhattan charged Michele Spagnuolo, a Google software engineer living in Switzerland, in a criminal complaint unsealed on May 27, 2026. The government alleges that from about October to early December 2025 he used confidential Google data from an internal tool to trade Polymarket contracts on Google's Year in Search rankings under the handle AlphaRaccoon, risking about $2.75 million and making about $1.2 million. He faces one count each of commodities fraud, wire fraud and money laundering. These are allegations. The CFTC filed a parallel civil suit.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-27",
          "description": "The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York announced the unsealing of a criminal complaint charging one count each of commodities fraud, wire fraud and money laundering; Spagnuolo was presented before Magistrate Judge Sarah Netburn.",
          "source_url": "https://justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/google-employee-charged-insider-trading"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "cftc-v-spagnuolo"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "U.S. Attorney's Office, S.D.N.Y., press release 26-141 (2026-05-27)",
          "url": "https://justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/google-employee-charged-insider-trading"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC Release 9237-26 (2026-05-27)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9237-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Axios (2026-05-27)",
          "url": "https://axios.com/2026/05/27/google-worker-polymarket-bets-inside-information-charges"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/us-v-spagnuolo"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cftc-v-spagnuolo",
      "caption": "Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Michele Spagnuolo",
      "short_name": "CFTC v. Spagnuolo (civil insider-trading suit)",
      "category": "federal_enforcement",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-04419",
      "filed": "2026-05-27",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Polymarket"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Michele Spagnuolo"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed May 27, 2026; no later rulings were found. The CFTC's claims are allegations.",
      "key_question": "Whether the CFTC's anti-fraud rules reach prediction-market trades based on an employer's confidential information.",
      "summary": "The CFTC sued Google software engineer Michele Spagnuolo in federal court in Manhattan on May 27, 2026, alleging that he traded at least 23 Polymarket contracts on Google's 2025 Year in Search results using confidential information he obtained through his job, for about $1.2 million in profit. It seeks restitution, disgorgement, penalties, trading bans and an injunction. These are allegations. A parallel criminal case is pending in the same court.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-05-27",
          "description": "The CFTC filed a civil complaint in the Southern District of New York (No. 1:26-cv-04419), in parallel with the unsealing of a criminal complaint.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9237-26"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "us-v-spagnuolo"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC Release 9237-26 (2026-05-27)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9237-26"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:26-cv-04419",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv04419/664905"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/cftc-v-spagnuolo"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cftc-in-re-santos",
      "caption": "In the Matter of George Anthony Devolder Santos",
      "short_name": "CFTC settlement with George Santos (State of the Union contract)",
      "category": "federal_enforcement",
      "court": "Commodity Futures Trading Commission (administrative proceeding)",
      "court_level": "administrative",
      "docket": "CFTC Docket No. 26-05",
      "filed": "2026-07-31",
      "states": [],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "George Anthony Devolder Santos"
      ],
      "status": "settled",
      "status_detail": "Settled on July 31, 2026 by an administrative order under CEA Section 6(c) and (d), which Santos accepted without admitting or denying the findings: disgorgement of $17,569.98, a $17,500 civil penalty, a three-year trading ban and a cease-and-desist order.",
      "key_question": "Whether a person who controls the outcome of an event contract commits manipulation by publicly misrepresenting what he will do while trading the contract.",
      "summary": "The CFTC filed and settled charges against former Congressman George Santos on July 31, 2026. The agency found that between Feb. 12, 2026 and Feb. 25, 2026 he manipulated a Kalshi contract on whether he would attend the 2026 State of the Union, an outcome he controlled, by posting misleading statements on social media about his plans, in violation of CEA Section 6(c)(1) and Regulation 180.1. Without admitting or denying the findings, he agreed to pay about $35,000 in disgorgement and penalties, to a three-year trading ban and to cease and desist.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-07-31",
          "description": "The CFTC entered a settled order instituting proceedings (CFTC Docket No. 26-05), finding violations of CEA Section 6(c)(1) and Regulation 180.1(a)(1) and (3), and imposing disgorgement of $17,569.98, a $17,500 civil monetary penalty and a three-year trading ban.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/media/14451/ENF_SantosOrder073126/download"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC order, In the Matter of George Anthony Devolder Santos, CFTC Docket No. 26-05 (2026-07-31)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/media/14451/ENF_SantosOrder073126/download"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC Release 9276-26 (2026-07-31)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9276-26"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/cftc-in-re-santos"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cftc-in-re-perez",
      "caption": "In the Matter of Gabriel Perez",
      "short_name": "CFTC settlement with Gabriel Perez (presidential mention contracts)",
      "category": "federal_enforcement",
      "court": "Commodity Futures Trading Commission (administrative proceeding)",
      "court_level": "administrative",
      "docket": "CFTC Docket No. 26-06",
      "filed": "2026-08-28",
      "states": [],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Commodity Futures Trading Commission"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Gabriel Perez"
      ],
      "status": "settled",
      "status_detail": "Settled on Aug. 28, 2026 by an administrative order under CEA Section 6(c) and (d), which Perez accepted without admitting or denying the findings: disgorgement of $107,539.02, a $65,000 civil penalty reduced for cooperation and payable in installments, a three-year trading ban and a cease-and-desist order.",
      "key_question": "Whether trading 'mention' contracts on what the President will say, using advance access to speech content, is misappropriation of material nonpublic information under the CEA.",
      "summary": "The CFTC filed and settled insider-trading charges against Gabriel Perez on Aug. 28, 2026. It found that between December 2025 and March 2026, while working as a White House teleprompter operator with advance access to presidential speeches, he traded Kalshi contracts that settle on words the President uses, misusing material nonpublic information in breach of a duty of trust and confidence. The order cites CEA Sections 4c(a)(3), 4c(a)(4)(C) and 6(c)(1) and Regulation 180.1. Without admitting or denying the findings, he agreed to pay about $172,000, with the penalty reduced for cooperation, and to a three-year trading ban.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-08-28",
          "description": "The CFTC entered a settled order (CFTC Docket No. 26-06) finding violations of CEA Sections 4c(a)(3), 4c(a)(4)(C) and 6(c)(1) and Regulation 180.1(a)(1) and (3), with disgorgement of $107,539.02, a $65,000 civil monetary penalty and a three-year trading ban.",
          "source_url": "https://www.cftc.gov/media/14536/Enf_PerezConsentOrder082826/download"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "CFTC order, In the Matter of Gabriel Perez, CFTC Docket No. 26-06 (2026-08-28)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/media/14536/Enf_PerezConsentOrder082826/download"
        },
        {
          "name": "CFTC Release 9289-26 (2026-08-28)",
          "url": "https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9289-26"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/cftc-in-re-perez"
    },
    {
      "slug": "seminole-tribe-v-draftkings",
      "caption": "The Seminole Tribe of Florida v. DraftKings, Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Seminole Tribe v. DraftKings (Florida prediction markets and Pick6)",
      "category": "tribe_v_operator",
      "court": "Circuit Court of the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit in and for Broward County, Florida",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": null,
      "filed": "2026-10-08",
      "states": [
        "FL"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "DraftKings Predictions"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Seminole Tribe of Florida"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "DraftKings, Inc.",
        "Jason Robins",
        "GUS III LLC d/b/a DraftKings Predictions"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Oct. 8, 2026; no rulings reported as of Oct. 21, 2026. DraftKings says its prediction markets operate under the federal Commodity Exchange Act framework and that Pick6 is peer-to-peer fantasy, not sports betting.",
      "key_question": "Whether DraftKings' sports event contracts and Pick6 product offered in Florida are illegal gambling under Florida law that the Seminole Tribe can enjoin, given the tribe's exclusive 2021 compact and the federal Commodity Exchange Act framework DraftKings invokes.",
      "summary": "The Seminole Tribe of Florida sued DraftKings, Inc., its prediction-market unit GUS III LLC (DraftKings Predictions) and CEO Jason Robins in Broward County circuit court on Oct. 8, 2026. The tribe alleges that DraftKings' sports event contracts, launched in Florida in September 2026, together with its Pick6 product and sports offerings in its app, are illegal gambling under Florida law that intrudes on the tribe's exclusive rights under its 2021 compact. The complaint seeks to enjoin illegal gambling under Florida statutes and pleads deceptive-practices claims against all defendants and a Florida RICO claim against Robins. It asks for injunctions, declaratory relief and disgorgement. These are the tribe's allegations; DraftKings says its products are lawful.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-08",
          "description": "The Seminole Tribe e-filed a complaint in the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit (Broward County) against DraftKings, Inc., Jason Robins and GUS III LLC d/b/a DraftKings Predictions, with counts to enjoin illegal gambling under Florida law, Florida RICO (against Robins) and FDUTPA.",
          "source_url": "https://www.legalsportsreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Seminole-Tribe-DK-Complaint.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "blue-lake-rancheria-v-kalshi",
        "ho-chunk-nation-v-kalshi",
        "new-mexico-pueblos-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Complaint, Seminole Tribe of Florida v. DraftKings (e-filed 2026-10-08, via Legal Sports Report)",
          "url": "https://www.legalsportsreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Seminole-Tribe-DK-Complaint.pdf"
        },
        {
          "name": "SBC Americas (2026-10-08)",
          "url": "https://sbcamericas.com/2026/10/08/draftkings-sued-seminole-tribe-florida/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Legal Sports Report (2026-10-08)",
          "url": "https://www.legalsportsreport.com/?p=281066"
        },
        {
          "name": "Covers (2026-10-08)",
          "url": "https://www.covers.com/industry/seminole-tribe-sues-draftkings-florida-sports-betting-oct-8-2026"
        },
        {
          "name": "WSN prediction-market legal tracker (as of 2026-10-19)",
          "url": "https://www.wsn.com/prediction-markets/legal/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/seminole-tribe-v-draftkings"
    },
    {
      "slug": "femexfut-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Federacion Mexicana De Futbol Asociacion, A.C. v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Mexican Football Federation v. Kalshi (trademark)",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:26-cv-08259",
      "filed": "2026-09-22",
      "states": [
        "NY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Federacion Mexicana De Futbol Asociacion, A.C."
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Complaint filed Sept. 22, 2026 and assigned to Judge J. Paul Oetken, who set an initial pretrial conference for Jan. 8, 2027. No ruling was found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi's use of the federation's marks in connection with its event contracts infringes the federation's trademarks under the Lanham Act (details of the alleged use not reviewed).",
      "summary": "Mexico's national football federation sued Kalshi Inc. and KalshiEX LLC in federal court in Manhattan on Sept. 22, 2026, pleading trademark infringement under the Lanham Act and demanding a jury. The complaint itself was not reviewed, so the specific marks and Kalshi markets at issue are not described here; the claims are the federation's allegations. Judge J. Paul Oetken has scheduled an initial conference for January 2027.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-22",
          "description": "Complaint filed against Kalshi Inc. and KalshiEX LLC; the docket lists trademark infringement under 15 U.S.C. 1114 as the cause of action.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08259/673378"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-23",
          "description": "Case assigned to Judge J. Paul Oetken, who ordered an initial pretrial conference for Jan. 8, 2027.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08259/673378"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:26-cv-08259",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv08259/673378"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/femexfut-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Kentucky Gambling Recovery LLC v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Kentucky gambling-loss recovery suit against Kalshi, Robinhood and others",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "Franklin Circuit Court, Kentucky (remanded from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky)",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "25-CI-00512 (Franklin Cir. Ct.); 3:25-cv-00053 and 3:25-cv-00054 (E.D. Ky., consolidated, lead 3:25-cv-00054)",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "KY"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Kentucky Gambling Recovery LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group, LLP",
        "Susquehanna Government Products, LLLP",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC",
        "Webull Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "remanded",
      "status_detail": "Removed to federal court on Oct. 20, 2025 and remanded to Franklin Circuit Court by Judge Gregory F. Van Tatenhove on March 3, 2026. Later state-court activity was not found.",
      "key_question": "Whether a third party can use Kentucky's gambling-loss recovery statute to recover money Kentuckians lost on sports event contracts offered through CFTC-registered exchanges and brokers, and whether such claims belong in state court.",
      "summary": "Kentucky Gambling Recovery LLC sued Kalshi entities, the market maker Susquehanna, and the brokers Robinhood and Webull in Franklin Circuit Court in 2025, invoking Kentucky's gambling-loss recovery law over sports event contracts. Robinhood removed the two related cases to federal court on Oct. 20, 2025, where they were consolidated. On March 3, 2026 Judge Gregory Van Tatenhove granted the plaintiff's motion and sent the case back to state court. The plaintiff's claims are allegations.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-10-20",
          "description": "Robinhood removed the case from Franklin Circuit Court (No. 25-CI-00512) to the Eastern District of Kentucky.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2025cv00053/109929"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-18",
          "description": "The court consolidated No. 3:25-cv-00053 into lead case No. 3:25-cv-00054.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2025cv00053/109929"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-19",
          "description": "The plaintiff moved to remand to state court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2025cv00053/109929"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-03",
          "description": "Judge Gregory F. Van Tatenhove granted remand to Franklin Circuit Court (order entered March 4, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2025cv00053/109929"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "south-carolina-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "ohio-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "massachusetts-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "illinois-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: E.D. Ky. No. 3:25-cv-00053",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2025cv00053/109929"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: E.D. Ky. No. 3:25-cv-00054 (lead case)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/kentucky/kyedce/3:2025cv00054/109931"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "south-carolina-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "South Carolina Gambling Recovery LLC v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "South Carolina gambling-loss recovery suit against Kalshi, Robinhood and others",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina (removed from the Oconee County Court of Common Pleas)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "8:25-cv-12859 (consolidated with 8:25-cv-12867-BHH); 2025CP3700563 (Oconee County)",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "SC"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "South Carolina Gambling Recovery LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group LLP",
        "Susquehanna Government Products LLLP",
        "Robinhood Markets Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives LLC",
        "Webull Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed to federal court on Oct. 7, 2025; the plaintiff's remand motion was fully briefed with supplemental authority through April 4, 2026 and no ruling appeared on the docket as of that date. A litigation tracker reports that the judge granted a six-month stay on June 26, 2026 (not docket-verified).",
      "key_question": "Whether a third party can use South Carolina's gambling-loss recovery statute to recover money lost on sports event contracts offered through CFTC-registered exchanges and brokers, and whether the case belongs in state or federal court.",
      "summary": "South Carolina Gambling Recovery LLC sued Kalshi entities, Susquehanna, Robinhood and Webull in Oconee County in 2025 under South Carolina's gambling-loss recovery law over sports event contracts. Robinhood removed the case to federal court on Oct. 7, 2025, where it was consolidated with a companion case before Judge Bruce Howe Hendricks, and the plaintiff moved to send it back to state court. The plaintiff's claims are allegations. A litigation tracker reports the case was stayed for six months in June 2026.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-10-07",
          "description": "The Robinhood defendants removed the case from the Oconee County Court of Common Pleas (No. 2025CP3700563).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/south-carolina/scdce/8:2025cv12859/315306"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-10-10",
          "description": "The court consolidated Nos. 8:25-cv-12859 and 8:25-cv-12867.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/south-carolina/scdce/8:2025cv12859/315306"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-06",
          "description": "The plaintiff moved to remand to state court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/south-carolina/scdce/8:2025cv12859/315306"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-06-26",
          "description": "A litigation tracker reports the judge granted a six-month stay in South Carolina's Statute of Anne litigation (not docket-verified).",
          "source_url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "ohio-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "massachusetts-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "illinois-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: D.S.C. No. 8:25-cv-12859",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/south-carolina/scdce/8:2025cv12859/315306"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/south-carolina-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "yee-v-kalshiex-consolidated-class-action",
      "caption": "Yee v. KalshiEX LLC, et al. (consolidated)",
      "short_name": "Consolidated Kalshi sports-contract class action (S.D.N.Y.)",
      "category": "private_class_action",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-08585-JLR (lead); member cases include 1:25-cv-09913 (Pelayo), 1:26-cv-00317 (Hallman), 1:26-cv-01924 (Jennings)",
      "filed": "2025-10-16",
      "states": [
        "NY",
        "AL"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Daniel Yee",
        "Pelayo plaintiffs",
        "Hallman plaintiffs",
        "Christopher Jennings",
        "(each for a putative class)"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group, LLP (Jennings action)",
        "Susquehanna Government Products, LLP (Jennings action)",
        "Does 1-20"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Consolidated before Judge Jennifer L. Rochon with interim co-lead counsel appointed. A March 20, 2026 stipulation set a consolidated complaint for April 7, 2026 and a motion to compel arbitration for May 5, 2026, with briefing through June 25, 2026. No ruling on arbitration was found.",
      "key_question": "Whether Kalshi's sports event contracts are unlawful gambling under state law that consumers can sue over, and whether users' claims must go to arbitration under Kalshi's terms.",
      "summary": "Daniel Yee filed a putative class action against Kalshi entities in federal court in Manhattan on Oct. 16, 2025, and the Pelayo and Hallman suits followed. Judge Jennifer Rochon consolidated them and appointed interim co-lead counsel. In March 2026 a class action first filed in Alabama by Christopher Jennings, which also names the market maker Susquehanna, was transferred in and folded into the consolidated case. Trackers describe the cases as challenging Kalshi's sports contracts as unlawful sports wagering; these are the plaintiffs' allegations. A motion to compel arbitration was scheduled for May 2026, and no ruling has been reported.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-10-16",
          "description": "Daniel Yee filed suit against KalshiEX LLC and related Kalshi entities (No. 1:25-cv-08585), invoking diversity jurisdiction.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv08585/651290"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-19",
          "description": "A stipulated order set a schedule for Kalshi's motion to compel arbitration and/or dismiss (due Jan. 14, 2026), with a hearing to be sought in April 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv08585/651290"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-01-29",
          "description": "Christopher Jennings filed a class action against Kalshi entities and Susquehanna in the Middle District of Alabama (No. 2:26-cv-00071).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv01924/659305"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-26",
          "description": "The Alabama court transferred Jennings to the Southern District of New York on the defendants' joint motion.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv01924/659305"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-20",
          "description": "Judge Rochon approved a stipulation consolidating Jennings with the already-consolidated Yee, Pelayo and Hallman actions, setting a consolidated complaint for April 7, 2026 and a motion to compel arbitration for May 5, 2026 (responses June 4, 2026, replies June 25, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv01924/659305"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:25-cv-08585 (Yee, lead case)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv08585/651290"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:26-cv-01924 (Jennings)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv01924/659305"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:25-cv-09913 (Pelayo)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2025cv09913/653849"
        },
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: S.D.N.Y. No. 1:26-cv-00317 (Hallman)",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2026cv00317/656144"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/yee-v-kalshiex-consolidated-class-action"
    },
    {
      "slug": "georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Georgia Gambling Recovery LLC v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Georgia gambling-loss recovery suit against Kalshi, Robinhood and others",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia (removed from the State Court of Muscogee County)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "4:25-cv-00310 (consolidated with 4:25-cv-00311); SC2025CV001749 (Muscogee County)",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "GA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Georgia Gambling Recovery LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group, LLP",
        "Susquehanna Government Products, LLLP",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC",
        "Webull Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Judge Clay D. Land denied remand in early February 2026 and kept the case in federal court. After an amended complaint, renewed motions to dismiss were due March 31, 2026. A litigation tracker reports a six-month stay granted May 28, 2026 (not docket-verified).",
      "key_question": "Whether a third party can use Georgia's gambling-loss recovery law to recover money lost on sports event contracts offered through CFTC-registered exchanges and brokers, or whether federal commodities law displaces the claim.",
      "summary": "Georgia Gambling Recovery LLC sued Kalshi entities, Susquehanna, Robinhood and Webull in Muscogee County state court in 2025 to recover gambling losses tied to sports event contracts. The defendants removed the case on Oct. 2, 2025, and in February 2026 Judge Clay Land denied the plaintiff's motion to send it back to state court. The plaintiff amended its complaint in March 2026 and the defendants were due to move to dismiss again. A tracker reports the case was stayed for six months in May 2026. The plaintiff's claims are allegations.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-10-02",
          "description": "The case was removed from the State Court of Muscogee County (No. SC2025CV001749); two removal notices were consolidated on Oct. 7, 2025.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gamdce/4:2025cv00310/138836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-11-03",
          "description": "The plaintiff moved to remand to state court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gamdce/4:2025cv00310/138836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02",
          "description": "Judge Land denied remand (docket entries dated Feb. 2, 2026 and Feb. 3, 2026).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gamdce/4:2025cv00310/138836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-02-17",
          "description": "Robinhood and the Kalshi, Susquehanna and Webull defendants moved to dismiss.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gamdce/4:2025cv00310/138836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-03-10",
          "description": "The plaintiff filed an amended complaint; the earlier dismissal motions were terminated and renewed motions were due March 31, 2026.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gamdce/4:2025cv00310/138836"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-28",
          "description": "A litigation tracker reports the court granted a six-month stay in the Georgia Statute of Anne litigation (not docket-verified).",
          "source_url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "south-carolina-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "ohio-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "massachusetts-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "illinois-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: M.D. Ga. No. 4:25-cv-00310",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gamdce/4:2025cv00310/138836"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ohio-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Ohio Gambling Recovery LLC v. Kalshi, Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Ohio gambling-loss recovery suit against Kalshi, Robinhood and others",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (removed from the Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "4:25-cv-01573 (consolidated with 4:25-cv-01574); 2025 CV 01517 (Mahoning County)",
      "filed": "2025-06-11",
      "states": [
        "OH"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Ohio Gambling Recovery LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group, LLP",
        "Susquehanna Government Products, LLLP",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC",
        "Webull Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed in July and August 2025; the plaintiff's remand motions before Judge Benita Y. Pearson were fully briefed in October 2025 and no ruling appeared as of March 30, 2026. The defendants' deadline to answer runs from the remand ruling.",
      "key_question": "Whether a third party can use Ohio's gambling-loss recovery law to recover money lost on sports event contracts offered through CFTC-registered exchanges and brokers, and whether the case belongs in state or federal court.",
      "summary": "Ohio Gambling Recovery LLC sued Kalshi entities, Susquehanna, Robinhood and Webull in Mahoning County on June 11, 2025 to recover gambling losses tied to sports event contracts. Robinhood removed the case to federal court in Youngstown in July and August 2025, and the plaintiff has asked to return to state court. No ruling on remand had been entered as of March 2026. The plaintiff's claims are allegations.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-06-11",
          "description": "Complaint filed in the Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas (No. 2025 CV 01517).",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohndce/4:2025cv01573/319545"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-07-28",
          "description": "Robinhood Derivatives removed the case to the Northern District of Ohio; a second removal by Robinhood Markets followed on Aug. 28, 2025, and the federal cases were consolidated.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohndce/4:2025cv01573/319545"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-08-27",
          "description": "The plaintiff moved to remand (renewed Sept. 5, 2025 as to Robinhood Markets); briefing closed Oct. 10, 2025.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohndce/4:2025cv01573/319545"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: N.D. Ohio No. 4:25-cv-01573",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/ohio/ohndce/4:2025cv01573/319545"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/ohio-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "massachusetts-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Massachusetts Gambling Recovery LLC v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Massachusetts gambling-loss recovery suit against Kalshi, Robinhood and others",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts (removed from state court)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "1:25-cv-12705-FDS (consolidated with 1:25-cv-12707)",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "MA"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Massachusetts Gambling Recovery LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group, LLP",
        "Susquehanna Government Products, LLLP",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC",
        "Webull Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed on Sept. 22, 2025. Judge F. Dennis Saylor IV heard the remand motion on Dec. 3, 2025 and took it under advisement; no ruling appeared as of March 6, 2026. A tracker reports the plaintiff filed an unopposed motion for a six-month stay on May 28, 2026 (not docket-verified).",
      "key_question": "Whether a third party can use Massachusetts' gambling-loss recovery law to recover money lost on sports event contracts offered through CFTC-registered exchanges and brokers, and whether the case belongs in state or federal court.",
      "summary": "Massachusetts Gambling Recovery LLC sued Kalshi entities, Susquehanna, Robinhood and Webull in Massachusetts state court in 2025 to recover gambling losses tied to sports event contracts. The defendants removed it to federal court in Boston on Sept. 22, 2025, where two related cases were consolidated, and the plaintiff's remand motion was argued in December 2025. A tracker reports the plaintiff later sought a six-month stay. The plaintiff's claims are allegations.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-09-22",
          "description": "Notice of removal filed in the District of Massachusetts.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12705/289344"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-10-22",
          "description": "The plaintiff moved to remand to state court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12705/289344"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-12-03",
          "description": "Judge Saylor heard the remand motion and took it under advisement.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12705/289344"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-05-28",
          "description": "A litigation tracker reports the plaintiff filed an unopposed motion for a six-month stay (not docket-verified).",
          "source_url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: D. Mass. No. 1:25-cv-12705",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2025cv12705/289344"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/massachusetts-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "illinois-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
      "caption": "Illinois Gambling Recovery LLC v. Kalshi Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Illinois gambling-loss recovery suit against Kalshi, Robinhood and others",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois (reported remanded from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois)",
      "court_level": "state_trial",
      "docket": "2025L007524 (Cook County); 1:25-cv-11374 and 1:25-cv-11394 (N.D. Ill., consolidated)",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "IL"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "Kalshi",
        "Robinhood",
        "Webull"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "Illinois Gambling Recovery LLC"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "Kalshi Inc.",
        "KalshiEX LLC",
        "Kalshi Klear Inc.",
        "Kalshi Klear LLC",
        "Kalshi Trading LLC",
        "Susquehanna International Group, LLP",
        "Susquehanna Government Products, LLLP",
        "Robinhood Markets, Inc.",
        "Robinhood Derivatives, LLC",
        "Webull Corporation"
      ],
      "status": "remanded",
      "status_detail": "Removed to federal court on Sept. 19, 2025 and consolidated before Judge Manish S. Shah; litigation trackers report it was later remanded to Cook County. The remand order was not reviewed.",
      "key_question": "Whether a third party can use Illinois' gambling-loss recovery law to recover money lost on sports event contracts offered through CFTC-registered exchanges and brokers.",
      "summary": "Illinois Gambling Recovery LLC sued Kalshi entities, Susquehanna, Robinhood and Webull in Cook County in 2025 to recover gambling losses tied to sports event contracts. The defendants removed it to federal court in Chicago on Sept. 19, 2025, where the judge questioned federal jurisdiction and two related removals were consolidated. Trackers report the case has since been sent back to Cook County. The plaintiff's claims are allegations.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2025-09-19",
          "description": "The case was removed from the Circuit Court of Cook County (No. 2025L007524) to the Northern District of Illinois.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv11394/486592"
        },
        {
          "date": "2025-10-22",
          "description": "No. 1:25-cv-11394 was consolidated into No. 1:25-cv-11374 before Judge Manish S. Shah.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv11394/486592"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "georgia-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "kentucky-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: N.D. Ill. No. 1:25-cv-11394",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/illinois/ilndce/1:2025cv11394/486592"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/illinois-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi"
    },
    {
      "slug": "hughes-v-draftkings",
      "caption": "Hughes v. DraftKings Inc., et al.",
      "short_name": "Hughes v. DraftKings, Polymarket and others (South Carolina)",
      "category": "private_civil",
      "court": "U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina (removed from the Charleston County Court of Common Pleas)",
      "court_level": "federal_district",
      "docket": "2:26-cv-03838; 2026CP1004063 (Charleston County)",
      "filed": null,
      "states": [
        "SC"
      ],
      "platforms": [
        "DraftKings Predictions",
        "Polymarket US",
        "Polymarket",
        "Crypto.com",
        "other"
      ],
      "plaintiffs": [
        "James M. Hughes"
      ],
      "defendants": [
        "GUS III LLC d/b/a DraftKings Predictions",
        "DraftKings Inc.",
        "GUS III Inc.",
        "Railbird Exchange LLC d/b/a DkeX",
        "Blockratize Inc.",
        "QCL Quad Code USA Corp.",
        "QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US",
        "QC Clearing LLC d/b/a Polymarket Clearing",
        "Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc.",
        "North American Derivatives Exchange Inc. d/b/a Crypto.com Derivatives North America",
        "Bitnomial Clearinghouse LLC",
        "Wintermute Trading Ltd",
        "Jump Trading LLC",
        "Galaxy Digital Trading LLC",
        "Virtu Financial Inc.",
        "John Does 1-10",
        "DRW Holdings LLC and IMC-Chicago LLC (voluntarily dismissed in state court)"
      ],
      "status": "pending",
      "status_detail": "Removed to federal court on Sept. 2, 2026 and assigned to Judge Richard M. Gergel. A litigation tracker reports the plaintiff has moved to remand, with DraftKings' response due Oct. 29, 2026 (not docket-verified).",
      "key_question": "Whether a South Carolina resident can recover sports event contract losses from exchanges, clearinghouses and market makers under state gambling-loss law, and whether the case belongs in state or federal court (theory per trackers; complaint not reviewed).",
      "summary": "James M. Hughes sued DraftKings' prediction-market entities, Polymarket's operators, Crypto.com's derivatives exchange, CME, Bitnomial's clearinghouse and several trading firms in Charleston County state court in 2026. A litigation tracker groups it with gambling-loss recovery suits over sports event contracts. DraftKings removed the case to federal court in Charleston on Sept. 2, 2026, and the tracker reports a pending motion to remand. The plaintiff's claims are allegations; the complaint was not reviewed.",
      "events": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-02",
          "description": "DraftKings Inc., GUS III LLC and Railbird Exchange LLC removed the case from the Charleston County Court of Common Pleas (No. 2026CP1004063); the removal papers show voluntary dismissals of DRW Holdings and IMC-Chicago in state court.",
          "source_url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/south-carolina/scdce/2:2026cv03838/324049"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-10",
          "description": "A litigation tracker reports the plaintiff moved to remand, with DraftKings' response due Oct. 29, 2026 (motion date not given; not docket-verified).",
          "source_url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "related_cases": [
        "south-carolina-gambling-recovery-v-kalshi",
        "seminole-tribe-v-draftkings"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "name": "Justia Dockets: D.S.C. No. 2:26-cv-03838",
          "url": "https://dockets.justia.com/docket/south-carolina/scdce/2:2026cv03838/324049"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mick Bransfield prediction-market litigation tracker (updated 2026-10-21)",
          "url": "https://mickbransfield.com/2025/08/11/summary-of-legal-actions-involving-kalshis-sports-event-contracts/"
        }
      ],
      "last_checked": "2026-10-21",
      "url": "https://predictionmarketlaws.com/lawsuits/hughes-v-draftkings"
    }
  ]
}